英文合同句式及用词特点
SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND WORDS CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTRACT
English contract sentences and words characteristics
1.句式结构特点（Sentence Structure） 句式结构特点（ 句式结构特点 ）
A. 句子冗长，结构严谨，语序复杂 ）句子冗长，结构严谨， 英文合同为了准确、严密、清楚地表达， 多以庞杂的从句和/或短语并列，语序复杂 多变的长句面目出现，很少以简单句为主。 A．主句的状语的位置，一般放在助动词后， ．主句的状语的位置， 行为动词前，与基础英语频度副词如；often，sometimes，always，never， seldom的位置相同
The Company shall, at all time during the term of the Joint Venture, effect and maintain full and adequate insurance against loss or damage by fire and such risks as are customarily issued in connection with the operation of the Company.
合资公司应在合资期间的任何时候，就火 灾以及此类与公司经营相关的其他风险所 造成的损失或损害进行投保，并保持充分 和适当的保险。
B．从句复杂，从句的状语，往往放在连词之后，从句的句子之前。例如： 之后，从句的句子之前 If, at any time during the execution of the Contract, either of the Parties to the contract is prevented from executing the Contract in case of Force Majeure such as war, serious fires, flood, typhoon and earthquake, etc., the time for execution of the Contract shall be extended for a period equal to the affect of those causes.
在合同履行期间的任何时候，合同任一方， 由于受到战争、严重火灾、洪水、台风和 地震等不可抗力事件的影响而不能履行合 同时，合同履行期应予延长，延长期限相 当于事件影响的时间。
C．主从复合句，从句经常用简略形式。 ．主从复合句，从句经常用简略形式。
A party dissatisfied with the judgment may, within 15 day upon receipt of the judgment, file an appeal to the next upper People’s Court.
如不服本判决，该方可于接到判决之日起十五日 内向上一级法院提起上诉。
The Contractor shall, unless otherwise provided in the Contract, make his own arrangement for the engagement of all staff and labour, local or other, and for their payment, housing, feeding and transport.
除合同另有规定外，承包人应自行安排从当地或 其他地方雇用的所有职员和劳务人员，以及他们 的报酬、住房、膳食和交通。
2 否定前置与倒装 ） 否定前置与倒装(Negative Fronting and Anastrophe)
A. 否定前置：(Fronting)
Nothing in Article 12.3 shall prevent Party A or any of its affiliation from continuing to carry on any of their present businesses.
合同第十二条第三款规定不得妨碍甲方或其分支 机构持续经营现有业务。
Neither party, without prior consent of the other, may assign or transfer to any third party any equity interests held by its side.
未经对方同意，任一方不得向任何第三人转让其 持有的股权。
B .否定倒装：(Anastrophe)
In no event shall the Seller be liable for lost profit s, delay, injury to goodwill or any special or cons equential damages howsoever any of the same are caused.
对于利润损失、延误、商誉损害或任何特别或间接的损害赔 偿，不论任何原因引起的，卖方概不承担责任。
In this case, Party B shall refund to Party A the amount which Party A has paid to Party B plus the related interest at the rate of 10% per year immediately, but in no case shall such refunding by Party B exceeds 30 days from receipt from Party A of the notice to terminate the contract.
在此种情况下，乙方应立即返还甲方已支付给乙方的款项并 按年利率10%加算利息，但不论怎样乙方该返还不得超过收 到甲方终止合同通知后30日。
3 被动语态 Passive Voice
Failure to notify Party A shall be deemed to be a material breach of this Agreement.
未能按上述要求通知甲方的，则视为构成 实质违约。（作谓语）
Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goods subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows: 按如下列明的条款，卖方同意出售，买方 同意购买下述商品：（作后置定语）
The payment of all the expenses under this contract shall be made through Bank of China, Shenzhen Branch and the bank designated by Party B.
所有合同项下的费用均应通过中国银行深圳分行 和乙方指定银行进行支付。（作谓语和后置定语）
Upon termination or dissolution of the Partnership，the partnership will be promptly liquidated, with all debts being paid first, prior to any distribution of the remaining funds.
合伙企业一经终止或解散，合伙企业立即清算， 在分割剩余财产前，首先偿还所有债务。（作谓 语和状语）
4 . 用词特点 赘语Doublets and Triplets
Able and willing=willing Full and complete= complete Null and void= void Legal and valid= valid Dispute, controversy or claim=d ispute Cancel, annul and set aside=cancel
Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the follo wing commodity under the terms and conditions set out below:
甲方同意按照下列条款向乙方购买如下商品：
Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20.
自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
Any partner or his/her agent, may review any and all accounting or other records at anytime.
任何合伙人或其代理人，可随时审查任一或全部会 计账目或其他记录。
The decision by such arbitration shall be accepted as final and binding upon both parties。
该仲裁裁决为终局裁决，双方均受其约束。Final和 binding属相关词连用。
The Company hereby releases and discharges Party A from further performance of, and any duties, obligations or liabilities under, the amended Agreement.
本公司特此解除甲方已修正协议的进一步履行及其 修正协议下的义务和责任。Release和discharge相 关词连用，duty，obligation和liability属近同义词连 用。
If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations of the said Contract, this obligation shall be null or void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect.
如果承包人切实履行并遵守上述合同的所 有条款、条件及规定，此义务即告终止， 有条款、条件及规定，此义务即告终止， 否则将保持完全有效。 否则将保持完全有效。
5 Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 介词构成的古体词
基本规则：Here代表this，there代表that，where 代表which或what即here/there/where+介词=介词+this/that/which or what
The parties hereto=the parties to this contract
The parties hereby declare=as a result of; by this means
Thereafter, The products shall be stored in a warehouse=after that time
Whereat =at which Whereupon=immediately after which
Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特 此，由此，兹等意。
例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:
买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下： Herein：in this。此中，于此。
例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A.
在此规定的最低特许权使用费应由乙方付 给甲方。
Hereof：of this。关于此点，在本文件中。 Hereunder：under this. 本文件规定。 例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.
合同双方就本合同规定交易任一条款的适用和解释所产生的所有争议同意力求通过 友好协商予以解决。
Hereto：to this.本文件的。Thereof：of that.它的，其。Thereto：to that 与之，向 那里。 例句：“Licensed Products” means the devices and products described in Schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto.
“特许产品”系指在本协议附件1中所述的装 置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产品和与之相关的产品。
Herewith：with this.与此，附此。Thereby：by that means.因此，由此，从而
例句：If any one or more of the provisions contained in this Contract or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid of unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected thereby.
如果根据现行法律，本合同及与此有关的已经履行的文件 中有一项或多项条款被视为无效或不能履行，本合同其余 条款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。
Thereafter: after that，afterwards.此后。 例句：The Contract for the contractual joint venture shall continue from a period of two years thereafter. 本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。 Therein: in that; in that particular context; in that respect.在那里；在那点上；在那方面。
例句：The Leased Premises are deemed to be fit for occupation when the building therein is substantially completed.
当在那里的建筑物实质完成时，该租赁房屋才认 为适合占有居住。
Therewith：with that.以此；此外。 例句：The Employer shall indemnify and save harmless the Contractor against and from all claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and expenses whatsoever arising there out or in connection therewith.
业主应赔偿所有索赔、诉讼、损害赔偿、 支出、花费、费用，不论因本合同产生或 与其相关，并保证承包人免于承担上述责 任。
Translation Practice
1. The investors do hereby form a joint venture pursuant to the laws of the State of New York in order for the Venture to carry on the purposes for which provisions are made herein.
2. 投资方特此依照纽约州法律设立合资公司， 以实现本合同规定的合资公司的经营目的。
Translation Practice
No party shall have the right to withdraw his capital contributions or demand or receive the return of his capital contributions or any part thereof , except as otherwise provided in this Agreement.
除非本协议另有规定，合资方无权撤回全部或部 分出资，也无权要求或收取全部或部分出资。
英文合同中常见的用词及句型（ 英文合同中常见的用词及句型（Usual Wordings and Sentence Patterns） ）
英文合同中常见的用词和句型有其相对固定的含 义和用法，不仅可以帮助准确理解掌握合同条款 的含义，而且这些成熟的表达方式可以为提高、 完善草拟和翻译合同所借鉴，达到事半功倍的效 果。
一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function 英文合同常用虚词（ Words） ）
1． Notwithstanding: in spite of, ． despite. 即使，尽管。 即使，尽管。
例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.
即使有与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和 责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。
例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing.
尽管有本合同第二条第二款规定，如上述 第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满 日之前既未实现又未放弃，合同各方亦可 根据具体情况，约定合理延长合同的期满 日。
2． As ．
合同英语中as出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多 变。在某种意义上讲，as使用的熟练程度可以衡 量合同英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实例： As 放在代表规定的provide，stipulate，set forth， prescribe等词的过去分词前，含义为“依照某某 规定”。
例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.
基于此，应依照本合同第四条 第六款调整资金账户。
例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof.
基于本合同第 五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。ts. To indicate that one has a discretion to do that thing: The parties to this contract may assign the benefits under this contract To indicate a wish: The parties intend that the signature of this contract may signal the beginning of mutually beneficial cooperation between them.
Translation Practice
1.The investors do hereby form a joint venture pursuant to the laws of the State of New York in order for the Venture to carry on the purposes for which provisions are made herein.
投资方特此依照纽约州法律设立合资公司， 以实现本合同规定的合资公司的经营目的。
Translation Practice
No party shall have the right to withdraw his capital contributions or demand or receive the return of his capital contributions or any part thereof , except as otherwise provided in this Agreement.
除非本协议另有规定，合资方无权撤回全部或部 分出资，也无权要求或收取全部或部分出资。
英文合同中常见的用词及句型（ 英文合同中常见的用词及句型（Usual Wordings and Sentence Patterns） ）
英文合同中常见的用词和句型有其相对固定的含 义和用法，不仅可以帮助准确理解掌握合同条款 的含义，而且这些成熟的表达方式可以为提高、 完善草拟和翻译合同所借鉴，达到事半功倍的效 果。
一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words） ）
1． Notwithstanding: in spite of, ． despite. 即使，尽管。 即使，尽管。
例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.
即使有与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和 责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。
例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing.
尽管有本合同第二条第二款规定，如上述 第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满 日之前既未实现又未放弃，合同各方亦可 根据具体情况，约定合理延长合同的期满 日。
2． As
合同英语中as出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多 变。在某种意义上讲，as使用的熟练程度可以衡 量合同英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实例： As 放在代表规定的provide，stipulate，set forth， prescribe等词的过去分词前，含义为“依照某某 规定”。
例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.
基于此，应依照本合同第四条 第六款调整资金账户。
例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof.
基于本合同第 五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。
ntract Price or any other terms of the Contract changes after the issuance of the Letter of Credit (or Letter of Guarantee) the Owner shall arrange for such Letter to be amended accordingly as soon as possible after any such changes.
如果在信用证（或保函）开出后， 如果在信用证（或保函）开出后，合同总 价或合同其他条款发生变化， 价或合同其他条款发生变化，业主应尽快 安排对信用证（或保函）进行相应的修改。 安排对信用证（或保函）进行相应的修改。
如：Either party may at anytime replace the chairman, deputy chairman or director(s) it has appointed, provided that it gives written notice to the Joint Venture Company and the other party. 任何一方可随时更换自己委派的董事长、 副董事长或董事，但必须书面通知合资公 司和合资的另一方。 需要注意的是，provided that通常语气上有 转折的含义，不宜翻译为“假如，如果”， 译为“但是”，则译文过渡自然，符合汉 语表达的规范。
Should the seller make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Clause18 to this contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.
如果卖方并非因本合同第18条规定的不可抗力事 件而未按合同规定的期限交货，那么，只要卖方 同意支付罚金，并由付款行从议付款中扣除，买 方便同意卖方延期交货。 句中出现两处条件从句，should引导的从句属于非真实条件句，即虚拟语气，表示该条件发生的 可能性很小，也就是说是当事人不希望出现的不 利情况。
Notwithstanding the completion of the sale and purchase of the __ ordinary shares in the Company, the terms and conditions of this agreement shall remain in full force and effect as between the parties hereto in so far as the same are not fulfilled.
即使买卖公司股普通股已经结束，只要该 行为尚未履行完毕，本协议条款对双方仍 然完全有效。
In all cases where Licensee desires artwork involving articles which are the subject of this license to be executed, the cost of such artwork and the time for the production thereof shall be borne by Licensee.
如果被许可方需要的工艺品涉及本许可将 履行的标的，则该工艺品的费用和生产该 工艺品的时耗应由被许可方承担。
如：15% of the above contract price, e.g. US $ 21, 000. 00 shall be paid by Party A to Party B by M/T within 30 days after Party A has received from Party B the following technical documentations and documents and providing that they are in conformity with the contract.
甲方从乙方处收到以下技术资料和文件后 30天内应信汇乙方上述合同总价的百分之 十五，也就是两万一千美元，但该合同句子及用词特征
技术资 料和文件应符合本合同要求。
如：In case part of or all know-how of the above-mentioned technical contents have been published by Party B or Third Parties A obtains evidence of such publication, then Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential the part already published.
如上述专有技术的一部分或全部已由第三 方公布，而甲方也掌握了已公布的证据， 则甲方不再承担保密义务。
5. foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned, in question
Foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned一族， 一般放在名词前作限定，意为“前述的” 一般放在名词前作限定，意为“前述的” 上述的” 或“上述的”，为避免重复已经提到的姓 名或名称。 名或名称。
例1：The Bank shall give prompt written or telex notice to the Borrower of the Interest Rate in effect from time to time in accordance with the foregoing sentence.
本银行将根据前述的句子以书面或电传形 式随时及时通知借款方生效的利率。
例2：The contract shall be written in Chinese and in _____. Both language versions are equally authentic. In the event of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.
本合同应以中文和_文书就，具同等法律效 力。前述两种文本如有歧异，以中文文本 为准。
6. In question: under consideration; being talk about.通常表示“在考虑或讨 通常表示“ 通常表示 论中的”某件事或某个问题，可译为“ 论中的”某件事或某个问题，可译为“这” 问题。 或“该”问题。
例句：All prices to be paid by the Buyer under its obligations of the buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.
买方根据返销或回购货物合同的义务所支 付的价格应为世界市场价格，结合考虑该 货物的其他交货条件。
7.according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant to, in compliance with 这一族都表示“依照，根据” 这一族都表示“依照，根据”合同的约定或者法 律的规定。其中尤以“ 最不正式， 律的规定。其中尤以“according to”最不正式， 最不正式 自然用的最少了， 自然用的最少了，而“in accordance with”最为 最为 常见。 常见。
例如：In case no settlement can be reached, the case may then be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.
如未能达成和解，该案件可提交中国国际贸易仲 裁委员会根据该仲裁委员会颁布的仲裁程序暂行 规定进行仲裁。
又如：A Photostat copy of the Acceptance Certificate of the Contract
Plant signed by the representatives of both parties as per Chapter 9 of the present Contract. 该合同设备的验收证书的影印副本由双方 代表按照该合同第九章签收。 再如：Both Parties shall each contribute their paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the appendix to the Contract. 合同双方应按照本合同附件中载明的项目 进行出资。
8. Including but not limited to与including, 与 without limitation以及 以及including by way of 以及illustration but not limitation 英文合同表达“包括但不限于” 英文合同表达“包括但不限于”时，就会用到这 几个短语。 几个短语。 例如：The time for the performance of the Seller's obligations set forth in this Contract shall be automatically extended for a period equal to the duration of any nonperformance arising directly or indirectly from Force Majeure events including but not limited to fire, flood, earthquake, typhoon, natural catastrophe, and all other contingencies and circumstances whatsoever beyond the Seller's reasonable control preventing, hindering or interfering with the performance thereof.
9. 时间、期间的表示中虚词的使用 时间、
1.表示确定的某日期时，使用“on” A shall deliver the goods to B on July 30,2008. 2. 2.表示终了时间时 1）表示到“何月何日”时，一般用by ， before。 但使用before时，期间的终止日期在表示日 期的前一天；而使用by时，期间的终止日 期包括表示日期。
时间、期间的表示
但实际上为了时间、 但实际上为了时间、期间表示的更加明确 避免歧义， 避免歧义，一般会用多个词的叠加使用以 求精确。 求精确。 常见以下几种表达形式： 常见以下几种表达形式：
“till and including” A may have an option right to buy the goods till and including July 30,2008.
此时，如只使用 存在着是否包括July 此时，如只使用till ，存在着是否包括 30,在内的问题，所以，为明确起见，使用 在内的问题， 在内的问题 所以，为明确起见， including表示包括在内，若表示不包括， 表示包括在内， 表示包括在内若表示不包括， 则使用not including加以否定。 加以否定。 则使用 加以否定
2. “ on and after” ; “on or before”, “no later than”
On and after表示“从某日起”。 表示“ 表示 从某日起” 例如：Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20.
自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或 收据。
on or before, no(not) later than,表示“不 表示“ 表示 迟于” 迟于”， 例如：Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1. 我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5 月1日，支付现金。 例如：Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December. 本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月 15日，你方须将货物装船。
3. 表示期间的始终为避免歧义，不只用 表示期间的始终为避免歧义，不只用from – to，而用 ， 如: from January 1 to January 6,both days included或 in the period commencing with January 1 and ending with January 6.
4.此外，为限定时间更为明确，还常用 此外，为限定时间更为明确， 此外 inclusive、including和included，来限定 、 和 ， 含当日在内的时间。 含当日在内的时间。 例如： This credit expires till January1 (inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or:This credit expires till and including January1 for negotiation in Beijing.)本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。如果 不包括1月1日在内，则为till and not including January 1。
10-15 days prior to the date of shipment, the Buyer shall inform the Seller by cable or telex of the contract number, name of vessel, ETA of vessel, quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent, so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.
装运前10天到15天，买方应以电报或电传方 式通知卖方合同编号、装运船名，预计到达 时间，装载数量和承运代理商名称，以便能 使卖方直接联系承运代理商安排货物装运。
10.Without prejudice to
Without prejudice to,常用于英文合同中， 表示在“不损害某规定/情况下”。 例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations. 不妨害买方索赔权，买方仍有权取消合同 的部分或全部。
11.Attributable to, due to, owing to, by virtue of, i n view of, because of, on account of，considering, in， consideration of 这一组短语出现在英文合同中都表示“因 为”，其中due to，owing to，because of 较不正式，很少使用。
二、英文合同常见实词(Content Words)
1.Represent, warrant, undertake, guarantee
在英文合同中这几个词都表示“保证”的含义。 Represent 往往和warrant连用，出现在合同的声 明保证部分：例如：Both the Seller and the Purchaser warrant and represent that no broker was involved in negotiating this purchase and sale, and both the Seller and the Purchaser agree to indemnify and hold each other harmless against any and all claims for brokerage.
买卖双方保证并声明没有中介介入交易磋商，且 保证赔偿对方因中介引起的索赔并使其免受损害。
例如：Under FOB terms, the Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.
根据离岸价格术语，卖方应保证根据在本合同第八条规定 的时限内，按买方通知的日期，装运货物至买方指定船只。 例如：Party B guarantees that the machines and
equipment are unused, sophisticated and of best quality, and that the machines and equipment are capable of manufacturing the steel wire rope.
乙方保证机器设备未经使用，性能良好、品质卓越而且该 设备能生产出钢丝绳。
2. have the right to do, be entitled to, may do, reserve the right to do, be (duly) authorized to do, have the authority to do, do sth at one’s option or/and discretion, be liberty to do 这一组短语是都表示“有权做” 这一组短语是都表示“有权做”。
Be entitled to表示to give sb. the right to sth体现该权利法律上的强制性。 Reserve the right to do表示to have a specified power of right in law体现法律 上规定的权利。 而be authorized to do, have the authority to do指经授权而有的权利， 至于do sth. at one’s option or/and discretion则指行为人自主决定的权利。
例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.
尽管如此，买方有权撤消合同的全部或部分， 概不妨碍买方索赔权之行使。
例如：Party C or New Company shall, at its sole option and discretion, be entitled to transfer to Party B all or part of Party C or New Company's proprietary rights and ownership of the infrastructure project, under construction or after Completion Date, as liq uidated damages, in lieu of computing and compensating the actual damages provided that such transfer shall be conducted of Party C's own free will or rendered in the arbitration award as stipulated in clause 23.
在上述第十四条第一款规定的情形下，丙方或新公司自行选 择决断有权向乙方转让丙方或新公司的所有权及在建或竣工 后基础设施的所有权的全部或部分作为约定的固定数额的违 约金来替代计算赔偿实际损害，但该转让应为丙方自己自愿 实施的行为或根据二十三条的规定基于仲裁裁决的处分
The supervision personnel appointed by Party A and its representative shall have the authority to supervise the progress of work and give instruction.
甲方任命的监管人员及其代表应有权监督 工程进度并发出指令。
The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained, if any.
买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定的日期之前开出本批交 易的信用证。否则，售方有权不经通知取消本确认书，或 接受买方对本销售确认书未履行的全部或一部分，或对因 此遭受的损失提出索赔。
have the legal obligation to do, be obliged/obligated to, shall do, be under the obligation to do, be liable/responsible to do, be liable/responsible for, 在英文合同中这一组短语都表达“有责任、 有义务”。
例1：The Company has no legal obligation, absolute or contingent, to any other Person to sell any material portion of the assets of the Company, to sell any material portion of the capital stock or other ownership interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or to effect any merger, consolidation or other reorganization of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or to enter into any agreement with respect thereto.
本公司没有完全或随附的任何法律义务向任何他人出售 公司资产的任何重要部分，出售股本的任何重要部分或本公 司或其任一子公司的其他所有权权益，或实现本公司或任一 子公司的并购、合并或其他的重组或签订有关以上事项的协 议。
例2：RCII is not under any legal obligation, whether written or oral, to do any of the foregoing.
RCII公司没有任何书面或口头上的法律义务来做以上的任 何一项。
例3：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo (es), the Seller is obliged/obligated to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package. 在危险或有毒货物的情况下，卖方有义务照管确 保其属性安全且应在每一包装上标注通常采用的 标识。
合同句子及用词特征
Within the time as notified by the Buyer, after its arrival at the port of shipment the Seller shall be fully liable to the Buyer and responsible for all losses and expenses such as dead freight, demurrage.
在买方通知的时限内，抵达装运港后，卖方应对买方 承担全部责任并对诸如空仓费、延滞费等所有损失和费用负责。
The Seller shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.
卖方对因任何不可抗力事件导致本买卖合同项下整批 或部分货物未能交付或延误概不承担责任。
4.effect 在基础英语中，effect一般作名词，指效果、 影响， 英文合同中如：come into effect表示生效， sth. in effect表示生效的法律文件。 除了这些基本用法外，effect还常用作动词 表示“实现”、“完成”的意思。
This contract shall come into effect on the date when it is signed by both parties. 本合同从双方签字之日起生效。 The Buyer shall accept the bill of exchange immediately upon the first presentation of the bill of exchange and the required documents and shall effect the payment on the maturity date of the bill of exchange.
汇票一经承兑交单，买方应在汇票到期时完 成支付。
5.Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original
在英文合同中，Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original 都用作表示合同一式几份。 Counterpart, copy和duplicate指副本，而original指 的是正本， 而且duplicate就有双重双份的意思，也常见in duplicate的用法，与此类似的还有in triplicate（一 式三份）, in quadruplicate（一式四份），in quintuplicate（一式五份），in sextuplicate （一式 六份），in septuplicate（一式七份），in octuplicate （一式八份），in nonuplicate （一式九 份），in decuplicate （一式十份）等等。
例如：This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts. Each counterpart shall be deemed an original, and all of the counterparts together shall constitute but one and the same instrument.
本协议文本可同时签署两份或多份副本。 每一副本应视为一份原件，所有副本一起 应构成唯一同一文件。
