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审美忠实:不可叛逆的文学翻译之重与基础语法之巧|译境解析的英语奥秘|学习英语技巧|上海译境公司

发表时间:2015/06/01 00:00:00  作者:www.e-ging.com  浏览次数:3561  
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梁实秋本打算用20年译完《莎士比亚全集》,而实际上用了30年。译后朋友们为他举行庆功会,他在会上发表演讲:要译《莎士比亚全集》,必须具备三个条件。一是必须不是学者,若是学者就搞研究去了;二是必须不是天才,若是天才就搞创作去了;三是必须活得相当久。很侥幸,这三个条件我都具备。作为我,当然不能同梁实秋相比,但他说的这三个条件,我想我也大体具备。我不是像样的学者,更不是天才。即使同作为本职工作的教书匠相比,最为人知晓的也仍是翻译匠。所以今天也只能作为翻译匠来几句老生常谈。

诸位知道,翻译这东西本来就是相当不好说的东西,而作为译者说自己的翻译就更不好说。往好里说吧,人家会说你老王头卖瓜自卖自夸,不懂谦虚是美德;往糟里说吧,自己又不甘心,也未必公平。总之左右为难。但如果不说自己,泛泛而论,其实又十分好说。比如董桥。最近偶然翻阅他的一本名叫《乡愁的理念》的小书,里面谈到翻译,谈得极俏皮:下等译匠是人在屋檐下,不得不低头,给原文压得扁扁的,只好忍气吞声;高等译手是月上柳梢头,人约黄昏后,跟原文平起平坐,谈情说爱,毫无顾忌。还有一段说得颇有情色之嫌,我都不好意思引用,他是这么说的:好的翻译,是男欢女爱,如鱼得水,一拍即合。读起来像中文,像人话,顺极了。坏的翻译,是同床异梦,人家无动于衷,自己欲罢不能,最后只好进行强奸’……读起来像鬼话,既亵渎了外文也亵渎了中文。文艺复兴时期西方意大利也有异曲同工的说法:翻译如女人,漂亮的不贞洁,贞洁的不漂亮。言外之意,理想的翻译就是要既贞洁又漂亮。以上面董桥的话说,就是要跟原文谈情说爱平起平坐,进而男欢女爱如鱼得水。如果换成钱锺书,只一个字:化!他说:文学翻译的最高标准是古今中外,关于翻译的言说不可谓不多,但相比之下,我还是最欣赏钱老先生这个字。即使严复的信达雅三个字,也可用此字化而为一。而翻译的所有问题,依我愚见,也都出在这个字上面。就是说没有——忍气吞声,或同床异梦,或贞洁与漂亮两相叛离,非此即彼。

与此同时,关于翻译的所有争论也都几乎离不开这个字。如贞洁与漂亮、意译与直译、神似与形似、归化与异化、等值与超越、表层结构与深层结构、语体忠实与审美忠实等,不一而足。

得最好的,英文汉译我虽然不太熟悉,但至少王佐良先生译的培根读书名言算是其一:读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。英汉之间,妙而化之,天衣无缝。汉译法国文学,翻译家罗新璋先生最服傅雷。他举傅译《约翰·克里斯朵夫》开头一句为例:“Le grondement du fleuve monte derrière la maison”直译为大江的轰隆轰隆声,从屋子后面升上来,而傅雷译成江声浩荡,自屋后上升,化人为己,水乳交融,斐然而成名译。日本文学翻译方面得最好的,窃以为是丰子恺先生译的《源氏物语》。鬼斧神工,出神入化,信手拈来,绝尘而去。读之可知译事之难,可叹译笔之工,可生敬畏之情。词意或有不逮,理解或有偏差,但在整体审美传达上迄今无人可比。不料日前看《书城》(200910月号余斌文《知堂酷评》),发现周作人对丰译的评价极其尖刻,谓丰子恺译文喜用俗恶成语只是很漂亮滥用成语,不顾与原文空气相合与否……其实此译根本不可用,还说丰氏源氏译稿,是茶店说书,似尚不明白源氏是什么书也。一句话,只漂亮不贞洁,俗恶!那么他本人译得就既漂亮又贞洁了么?未必。贞洁或许贞洁,可惜贞洁得近乎,整体审美效果明显在丰译之下。说句不恭的话吧,周作人的夫人是日本人,按理,他搞翻译应该如鱼得水才是,可他却好像给原文压得扁扁的,大气不敢出。这固然同他创作中标举的简单味涩味之文章境界有关,但同时也和他采取的异化这一翻译策略有关,用当下较为流行的说法,就是去中国化,即主要对日文原著负责。而他之所以酷评丰译为俗恶,自是因为——在他看来——丰译的去日本化

上面所以说这许多,也是因为同我的翻译理念和翻译策略有关。我的翻译理念——如果说我有这劳什子的话——主要是对中国、中国读者负责,即要首先确认自己的翻译能给中国读者、中国文化以至中国社会带来什么。借用周作人的兄长鲁迅的话,就是要看自己是像普罗米修斯那样为中国窃得火种,还是别的什么。这样,所采取的翻译策略,势必与周作人相反,即要尽可能消除涩味,也就是消除日译汉特有的翻译腔(和臭)。在这个意义上,说是去日本化也未尝不可。换言之,就是想方设法琢磨找一个既贞洁又漂亮的女人。这也是天底下所有男人,尤其男翻译家一生的梦想。那么,之于我的既贞洁又漂亮的女人到底找到了没有呢?我以为大体找到了,至少在贞洁与漂亮之间找到了一个接合点。我一再主张的审美忠实也就是这个意思。我以为,就文学翻译而言,最重要的就是审美忠实。

说到这里,请容我说一下我的翻译观,即我所大体认同的关于翻译的言说或观点,当然也多少包括我个人的体悟。我倾向于认为,文学翻译必须是文学——翻译文学。大凡文学都是艺术——语言艺术。大凡艺术都需要创造性,因此文学翻译也需要创造性。但文学翻译毕竟是翻译而非原创,因此准确说来,文学翻译属于再创造的艺术。以严复的信达雅言之:,侧重于内容(内容忠实);,侧重于行文(行文忠实);,侧重于艺术境界(艺术忠实)。信、达需要知性判断,则更需要审美判断。审美判断要求译者具有艺术悟性、文学悟性。但不可否认,事实上并非每个译者都具有相应的悟性。与此相关,翻译或可大体分为三种:工匠型翻译、学者型翻译、才子型翻译。工匠型亦步亦趋,貌似忠实;学者型中规中矩,刻意求工;才子型惟妙惟肖,意在传神。学者型如朱光潜、季羡林,才子型如丰子恺、王道乾,二者兼具型如傅雷、梁实秋。至于工匠型翻译,当下比比皆是,不胜枚举,也不敢举。严格说来,那已不是文学翻译,更不是翻译文学。翻译匠和翻译家的区别在于,前者传达语法、意思和故事,后者再现表情、感动或审美愉悦。在这个意义上,我认为文学翻译最重要的就是审美忠实。就文学翻译中形式(语言表象)层、风格(文体)层和审美(品格)层这三个层面来说,最重要的就是审美层。即使叛逆,也要形式层的叛逆服从风格层,风格层的叛逆服从审美层,而审美层是不可叛逆的文学翻译之重。《达·芬奇密码》的译者朱振武教授最近在《外国文艺》2011年第6期也发表文章,一再强调审美的重要:文学翻译是艺术化的翻译,是译者对原作思想内容与艺术风格的审美把握。……文学翻译不是词句的形式对应,而是语言信息与美感信息的整体吸纳与再造。

不无遗憾的是,审美视角的阙如正是目前文学翻译实践、文学翻译批评的盲点所在。窃以为,随着国际交流的频繁和懂外语人数的迅速增加,当下外国文学作品翻译的主要问题,较之准确性,恐怕更在于文学审美的缺位,以致读起来味同嚼蜡,给读者充分的机会去体验阅读的艰辛,而不是享受阅读的愉悦(虞建华语,见《外国文艺》2010年第4期)。于是人们不禁要问,原作本身是否味同嚼蜡?如果不是,那么译者标榜的忠实或准确性又体现在哪里呢?事情十分清楚,那才是致命的不忠实、不准确,纵然语法、词汇、句式等形式层面贴得很紧甚至无懈可击。换言之,无论有多少理由,翻译文学作品都不该译丢审美、审美忠实。如果丢掉审美忠实,其他所有忠实都不过是愚忠(朱振武语)罢了。而愚忠,换个说法,无非是只贞洁不漂亮,那也是任何有美学追求的人所不喜欢的。


说完了观点,再说下考研英语的技巧语法:

 1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have  and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎Ub662NeiIs

译文:那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量,并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。

难句类型:倒装、省略

a本句的正常语序应当是:That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句,如果按照以上语序,则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。

bwhich引导的从句中,有两处省略:第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individuall will have中, an individuall will have是修饰descendants的定语从句,但是,因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语,所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前,省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。

意群训练:That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎

2. This is A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the ◎大desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely ◎大宝the structure and texture of a flower .

(5++)复杂+倒装+省略;

(这是一种)照亮现实的欲望,此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望,后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。

解释:本句子的难度在一切GREGMAT包括LSAT考试中所出现的难句中堪称登峰造极,可以确定地讲,类似此句子的难度的语言,在计算机考试的现场绝无可能出现。如果对此句话不感兴趣,可以把其废掉不读。

A、 这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因,是因为它根本就不是一个句子。句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现,只能出现在高级英语中,因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。

B、 desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分,一个是to throw over reality a light,其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后,正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远,读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意:从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的,而是修饰一开始的desire的。

C、 第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装,由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前,引发了定语从句中的倒装:正常语序应该是that might never be given away,倒装后系动词was被提前,given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型giveA give way to B,是A让位于B,而A be given way to B, 则是A取代Bon the part of 之后的部

分修饰后面的desirewhat引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。What从句中的不定式to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装,正常语序应该是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒D、 就算能够看懂这句话的结构,可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是,哈代(注:人名老的冲动是一种简单的、说明现实的欲望,新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究一个东西的特点那样的欲望(新冲动),前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的。

意群训练:(This is A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly ◎大to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and ◎大宝考研concretely the structure and texture of a flower .

3. Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these ◎大divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. 3)难句类型:复杂修饰、省略、抽象词

译文:哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能,无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来;另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。

解释:介词from的宾语有两个并列的部分,由and所连接,在and之后的第二个from前,省略了前面一样的谓语动词derive。本句之所以难,有两个原因,一是derived from 后面的成分太长,初学者难以一下子看下来;二是作为一篇文科文章,用词抽象,难以迅速理解。

意群训练:Hardy's weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones.

4. Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the criticssince it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.

5)难句类型:复杂修饰、省略、抽象词

译文:弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫(Virginia Woolf)在创作《黛洛维夫人》(Mrs. Dalloway)时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述,迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略,因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面,而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家(poetic novelist)所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家,所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态,并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。

解释:本句逗号以前只有复杂修饰的长主语有些难,但总的来讲比较好懂,since引导的原因状语从句较难。 A、 since之后的it指前面的statementhighlight的宾语an aspect之后有两个修饰成分,一个是of her literary interests, 另一个是以that引导的定语从句that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist,都是修饰an aspect的。Novelist后面又有由and 连接的两个介词结构concerned with doing 修饰novelist.

B、 句中有两处省略,一是在her literary interests that is very different from当中,修饰interests的定语从句中引导词+be that is 一起省略了。第二处在and之后,由于concerned with与前面的concerned with重复,所以concerned被省略。

C、 本句另外一个难懂的地方,就是使用了大量的抽象词。这是文学市评论题材的文章的一个特点。 ◎大Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly ◎大宝been ignored by the criticssince it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different ◎大宝from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie ◎大宝and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.

5. As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or ◎大one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .

5-)抽象词、抽象词组、比喻 就像她在《致普通读者》一书中所表达的那样,“尽管可以毫无疑问的说,没有任何法律被指定出来,也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么;然而,当我们读它的书的时候,我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德”

这句话不但用了词抽象,还用了比喻的修辞手法。是指没有因为乔叟的言论而产生任何实际的行为规则或政治机构,但我们受其影响之深,以及其影响力之大。

As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”

6. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .

4+)难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词

译文:随着爆发出来的运动的结束,再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高,使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态,直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢,被肝脏转化成(convert into)葡萄糖,而葡萄糖接下来又会(部分)传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。

解释:本句中修饰成分极多,以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主,作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解,从leaving开始句子变难;leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语;分词中又包含了三个状语,其中的两个via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入语的作用,把be converted into拆成两段。本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的body fluids, oxidativeresynthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的,lactic acid, metabolismmuscle这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用,大家应该背下来;而glycogen这种东西则没办法,只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住,GREGMAT文章中只要出现了这种专有名词,出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的,所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词,应该力求把解释看懂。意群训练:With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .

7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequenthe shows that the slaves考研preferencerevealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequentwas very much for stable monogamy.

3+)难句类型:插入语

译文:虽然古特曼承认,由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁,但他还是证明,奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制(monogamy)。解释:本句中插入语的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent, 后半个分句中的主语that slaves' preference与系动词was离得太远,造成阅读的困难。

意群训练:Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequenthe shows that the slaves preferencerevealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequentwas very much for stable monogamy.

8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission ◎大of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folkloremusicand religious expression ◎大from one generation to anothera heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their ◎大宝考African and American experiences.

4)难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语

译文:古特曼人令人信服地论辨道,黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去,因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用,而对于这种文化遗产,黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。

解释:由that引导的宾语从句中,encouraged的宾语the transmission of the Black heritage被同时表示并列和转折的and so 分开,给读者造成了阅读上和理解上的困难。最后一个逗号后面的部分是修饰前面的black heritage的同位语。

意群训练:Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the ◎大宝考transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folkloremusicand religious ◎大expression from one generation to anothera heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. 9. This preference for exogamyGutman suggests may have derived from West African rules governing marriagewhichthough they differed from one tribal group to anotherall involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

3+)难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语

译文:古特曼表示,这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定,尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同,但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻(union with close kin)的禁止。 解释:本句有两个插入语,第一个插入语Gutman suggests割裂了主句的主语和谓语。West African rules后跟着两个修饰成分,第一个是分词修饰(governing marriage), 第二个是以which引导的非限定性定语从句,从句中出现了第二个插入语though they differed from one tribal group to another,又割裂了从句引导词与谓语之间的联系。

意群训练:This preference for exogamyGutman suggests may have derived from West African rules governing marriagewhichthough they differed from one tribal group to anotherall involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United Statesbut his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.

4+)难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词

译文:该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时,相对而言尚能适用,但他对种族偏见所下的定义——即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见,而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”——可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。解释:本句长度惊人,插入部分比较长,再加上不乏抽象词,所以较为难懂,在表示转折的后半个分钟中,长长的插入语as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition作为主语his definition of racial prejudice的同位语,使分句中的主谓相隔千山万水。除此之外,本句用词抽象,语义难以理解,对读者的词汇功底要求较高。考试现场如无法读懂,宜用合理化原则中的取非读法,but之前的分句说的是其论点对美国黑人的种族歧视是较为管用,转折后的内容就应该说其理论对华人和犹太人相对无用。

意群训练:His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United Statesbut his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝

11. Such variations in size shapechemistry conduction speed excitation thresholdand the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.

5)难免类型:复杂修饰

译文:类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化,当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候,他们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。解释:即使是初练难免的人其实也很熟悉such thing as something这样的语言方式,可是当中间的小东西thing居然变成了一个长达十二个单词的大东西的时候,实在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底为哪方神圣。再加上以such as 为中心的长主语距离系动词remain太远,更增加了本句的难度。请读者反复阅读,直到读出这样的感觉:顺序阅读原文时,原文似乎就是几大块,就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.

意群训练:Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience. ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎r1jDZIQLdU
12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 
有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异;可是,这样的证据是缺乏的,即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的,而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。

难免类型:复杂修饰、倒装 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎pURxtNfCCe
解释:与很多人的印象相反,lack从来就不能作形容词,它只有动词或名词的词性。其形容词的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎hVYT7RhFxU
本句的在however 之前和之后的两个分句,是两个倒装结构,前一个是小倒装,正常语序是:to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however后面是个大倒装,lacking之后的that引导的同位语人名是修饰主语proof的,但是因为它太长,所以为了避免头重脚轻,被放到lacking之后,正常的语序应该是proof that the quality of ..was lacking ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎XAdOUyd1Bd
意群训练:It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎dULqXcbe39
13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved
the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing viewnamelythat nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. 4) 尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同,这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过,但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉,而转向相反的观点,即:神经冲动从根本上本质相同,而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎gi7NTVPlvg
难句类型:复杂修饰、双重否定 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎D1Fci019th
解释:前半个分句中有一个双重否定,was never rigidly disproved,这种表示法用中文说出来还是比较好懂的,原因是我们熟悉中文的这种表示法,但在英文中出现,因为在以前的学习中见得少,所以感觉上很别扭。因此,同学们的任务,就是通过反复阅读此类句子来熟悉这样的英语。其实在英文表达中,很多双重否定与中文表达是一样的,表示肯定;如not unlimited就等于limited。但是值得读者注意的是在GREGMAT这两种对考生的逻辑有苛刻要求的考试中,如果这种双重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的词汇,比如上面例子中的limitedunlimited),则双重否定不一定表示肯定;比如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解为agree, 不反对者中,的确有人会同意,但通常心存疑虑,随大流者居多。不但如此,大双重否定中加上限定词以后,在否定的范围上也有所变化,如本句的be never rigidly disproved,没有完全被反对,不能理解为从来都被严格支持的,而应该理解成从来都可能有人支持的。综上所述,对双重否定的句子,简单的把其置换为肯定,不是最精确的理解。而最好的办法,就是通过多读、多练来熟悉其语言表达及其逻辑方式,按照其字面的表达理解成没有完全否定,然后大脑中反应出其目前的生存状态是一个仍未消失的状态;这种理解才是在考试现场既快速又精确的理解。 运用前面所说的用合理化原则中的取非读法,可以很容易的读出作者在后半个分句中想说前面的那种观点被反对了。但是,初学者会对这个分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else这种语言表达感到突然,如果理解成因为喜后者而抛弃了前者,虽然也能说得通,但是其实原文从来没有这种因果关系,in favor of强调的是这两种动作的同时性;抛弃了前者,而转向后者,namely之后的内容是前面的opposing view的同位语。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎yghvCiYjF8
意群训练:Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generallyabandoned in favor of the oppsing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throught the nervous system ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎4p6kyNIBg8
14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size
numberarrangementand interconnection of the nerve cellsbut as far as psycho neural correlations were concernedthe obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. 4 -) 尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异,但是就心理-神经的关系而言,这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注目。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎hXx6S0UUNr
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎2243NwHmFh
解释:在前后两个分句之间有一个插入语as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。在后面的分句中,主语the obvious similarities之后的、修饰主语的成分较长、以至于有很多读者看到相隔很远的more remarkable than时一下子反应不过来是什么比后者更明显。其简化形式应为:similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。 ◎大宝考研版权意群训练:Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎DtXiBvRNuU
15. Although some experiments show that
as an object becomes familiarits internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallelthe weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesisat least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. 4+) ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎虽然某些实验表明,随着一个物体变得熟悉起来,其内心再现图像亦更具整体感,辨认过程相应地更趋于平行,但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设(serial hypothesis),至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、省略 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎h8k1IqX2kh
解释:在Although引导的分句中,谓语shows后面跟着一个长长的宾语从句,从句中先出现一个插入语as an object becomes familiar,之后的内容是由and 连接的两套并列的主谓宾。其实and前后就是两个句子,只不过作者省略了后面的句子中与前面相同的引导词that和谓语become。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎YSt0QOSd7D
句子中有一个生词holistic,其实即使不认识,也能用合理化原则猜出它是后面serial的反义词、parallel的同义词,大约是统一、完整或同时的意思;其实只要能理解到其是与serial相反的意思即可。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎56ZWWLStGJ
意群训练:Although some experiments show thatas an object becomes familiarits internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallelthe weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesisat least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎16. In large part as a consequence of the feminist movementhistorians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. 3+) ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎在很大程度上,由于女权主义运动(feminist movement)的缘故,史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力,来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。 Focus A on B; ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎zzGRqmFgVI
难句类型:倒装 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎WjGX4V2oGl
解释:focus A on B指把A集中于B,本句中介词on的宾语determining/more accurately the status of women invarious periods中有一个小倒装,正常语序应该是determining the status of women in various periods more accurately。 ◎大宝意群训练:In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.

17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact –real Amazonian societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society . (4) 如果我们先研究一下为什么古人会提到亚马逊人,下面的一点就变得清晰了,那就是古希腊对于这种社会的庙睡不是太多的被用来表达观察的历史事实——真正的亚麻逊社会的——而是为了对于妇女在其社会中的统治的预期后果提供一种“道德教导”。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎B8VJ28pkWw
解释:有两个词汇需要先解释一下:something be meant to representuse something to mean的被动语态。mean在这里不是常用的"……的意思是"的意思,而是表示做某事所表达的目的、意图,其英文释义为:to serve or intend to convey, show, or indicate。句中的结构为:something be meant not so much to,,, but rather to, 实际上是把be meant tonot rather 的两个固定搭配套在一起,意思是:不是为了...而是为了... ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎QY8nJchOa1
另外,suppose的意思很抽象,不容易理解。此词既有据信、被认为的意思,也有预期的意思,还有表示贬义的假想的被想当然的意思。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎MYCzUpN5xw
本句的supposed用法极其特殊,在此处的意思,用以上任何一个释义来理解居然都可以成立,既是在说一个预期的社会状态,又是在说一个虚构出来的、本来不存在的社会状态,其用法类似于中文中的一语双关,是文章作者自以为文笔精妙之处。意群训练:If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact- real Amazonian societies- but rather to offer"moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society. ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎18. Thusfor instanceit may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atombut only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spinmagnetic dipoleand relativistic effectsand that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. 5) ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎YfSqJbIk0l
因此,举例来说,对数学家而言,了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已,即薛定谔(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述,而仅仅是个近似值,趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式;而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值,趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎94d526GR00
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、省略 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎2Fe0kU2inc
解释:读到此句时,数学家不见得震惊,晕倒的考生恐怕不在少数。不但句子结构复杂,而且罗列了大量的专有名词。对于不是理科的同学来讲,在阅读这篇文章的现场清楚地明白应该读到什么程度远比研究这些生僻的专有名词更重要。其实是否知道薛定鄂方程对读者来说并不见得重要,GRE考试的出题者也不见得知道它;关键是要读懂句子的主要意思;数学家不能理解不精确和近似值的伟大意义。不过在本书中,出现的句子均以阅读训练为目的,所以读者仍要把句子的结构读清楚。主句中的主语it是一个开工主语,其具体的内容应该是从to learn开始一直到句子结束的长达八行的不定式,但是此不定式实在太长,如果放在句首则句子无法平衡。Learn后面带着两个以that引导的宾语从句,中间以分号和and分开,可以把分号以后的句子看成是and it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that的省略形式。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,意群训练:Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematiians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎◎大19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argumentsince an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changedwhereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. 5+) ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理,因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据,一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化,便会失去它一部的作用;而与此相反,一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据,在其基本假设(underlying assumption)稍微受干扰的情况下,仍然有可能是站得住脚的。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎DCSbVASOM6
难句类型:复杂修饰 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎tBCDsn0sfD
解释:本句在文章中就是一个自然段,虽然长度比不上前面第一章中所举的那个长达10行的例子,但是难度绝不在那句话之下。本句堪称句子的大杂烩,连主句带从句居然一共有八个。从大往小说,由whereas连接了两个大句子,whereas后面的句子中的主语an augument之后又跟了一个定语从句that is convincing though imprecise, 修饰augumentwhereas前面共有六个句子,由the physicist作主语的主句;由since引导的原因状语从句,修饰since从句中主语an augument的由that引导的定语从句,此定语从句中的条件状语从句only if it is precise; since从句中的条件状语从句if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,以及修饰此从句中的主语assumptions的定语从句on which it is based一共八个句子,从句套从句,实在令人叹为观止。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎oX05fTnVQW
然而,在考试现场去数句子的数目,是只有呆子才会干的事,读者们惟一要干的事就是反复阅读这句话,什么时候练到不必去想其语法结构就能按原文顺序读懂,才算初步掌握;再进一步把它读顺,直到你看不出这个句子有什么特别的地方,看上去还挺舒服就算训练成功。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎nLIox5d8ie
意群训练:The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎20. Howeveras they gained cohesionthe Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a womens group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonniereswho remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. 4-) ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎PLjvzD9oX4
起初,蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人,将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则,随着她们获得的凝聚力,她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体,并拥有了一种妇女团结意识,而这种意识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存,因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎IrMESs0WVk
难句类型:复杂修饰 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎bLus3ksNzw
解释:本句读到表示并列的连词and开始变难。and之后的不定式与前面的不定式是并列的,to的前面省略了一个与前面一样的谓语camelacking之后的分词作定语修饰a sense of female solidarity其后的由who引导的定语从句又修饰逗号前面的salonnieres此从句中又有一个定语从句that each salonniere held in her own salon修饰其前的primacy,但是由于引导词that在从句中作宾语,因此被省略。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎4h33S3750P
意群训练:However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestocking came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.

21. As my own studies have advancedI have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seemat first glanceto constitute such an immense gulf between them. 5) ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎KLI7gGFB50
随着我的研究不断深入,我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻,而对结构上的差异印象愈发淡漠,虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法愈越的鸿沟。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎wlsQEjzzQo
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、省略 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎3dqADGIt9L
解释:本句子的中间一段impressed with the functional similarites between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences容易令人看晕,其中的insect and vertebrate societies and less so with由两个and连接了三个部分,然而它们其实不是同一层次的并列,第一个and实际上是between insect societies and vertebrate societies的一部分,是并列的,而and之后的less so with其实是对于一个完整的表达方式I have been increasingly less impressed with的省略形式,去掉了与前面重复的成分。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎VHPeePUqR2
后面修饰的structural differences的定语从句that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them中,又出现了一个别扭的插入语at first glance,把应该连在一起的seem to 粗暴地分开,令人不熟悉此类难句的人倍感不适。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎DmMgue3eCV
意群训练:As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constiture such an immense gulf between them. ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎sxmbWJVAjF
22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances
its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideologicaland talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.4) ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎N4qQMHSGAQ
虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状,但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状作出反应的,而将小说和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨,会在相当程度上阻碍小说事业。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎yi7glNQthJ
难句类型:复杂修饰 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎9tHcFtz7Up
解释:本句从句子的结构上来讲,惟一的难度在于and之后的句子的主语talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments ofideology太长,以至于看到谓语circumvent的时候已经搞不清楚主谓了。更大的难度恐怕还在于对两个词汇的理解circumvententerprise。我们以前所背过的circumvent有两个词义,一个是规避,一是以计谋战胜,但是这两种意思放到此处都显然不通;其实circumvent有一个我们没有背过的最常用的意思是包围、限制或陷害;至于enterprise常用的意思是企业,这里的指事业。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎jrTmd7d7nw
意群训练:Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstancesits authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideologicaland talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎T8fdRSalTA
23. Is this a defect
or are the authors working out ofor trying to forgea different kind of aesthetic? (3) ◎大宝这究竟是一种缺陷呢,还是这些作者想要按照一种与众不同的美学体系进行创作,抑或是在试图创立一种与众不同的美学体系? ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎XGtLtxvVkE
难句类型:插入语 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎Dypf7xi6a1
解释:本句的句子既短,意思也不难理解,但插入语(or trying to forge)的干扰作用却极强。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转意群训练:Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? ◎大宝考研24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? 5) ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎g6KjXBdJ35
不仅如此,有些黑人小说(比如JT的甘蔗)的风格接近与表现主义和超现实主义;这种技巧是否为流行的主题提供了一个和谐的对应呢?这种主题刻画了黑人注意与之相抗争的命运,这是一个通常用更为自然主义的表现手法所表达的主题。 难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎PiID5eDSiD
解释:在本句中有三个词需要先解释一番:verge on这个词组是接近于、濒于的意思,hero在文学作品中是主人公的意思,pit作动词时,除了挖坑、窖藏之外,还有使竞争、使斗争的意思,其英文释义为:to set as gamecocks into or as if into a pit to fight, to set into opposition or rivalry usually used with against.在此用的是后一种语义的被动语态fate againt which Black heros are pitted.如果用主动语态则是:pit black heros againt fate。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎P15aWcSCQx
另外本句的结构复杂,分号之后是一个一般疑问句,但是由于修饰成分过多,过长,使得读者看不清楚这个句子在问什么。其实如果没有最后的那个prevalent theme的同位语a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression,本句会易懂得多。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎dDig4ZWhQB
意群训练:In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎P7trarSL4R
25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels
bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex- Colored Man. 4)注意:bring A to B ——〉bring to B A ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎YgukDP2GGe
《黑人小说》考察了极为广泛的一系列小说,在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作品,如詹姆斯。韦尔登。约翰逊(James Weldon Johnson)的《一个曾经是有色人的自传》(Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man)。 ◎大宝难句类型:倒装 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎8MnnWNS56J
解释:在以bringing开头的作状语的分词中出现了倒装,bring A to B被倒装为bring to B A,其倒装的原因仍是为了避免头重脚轻,正常的语序应该如下:bringing some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man to our attention in the process. ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎AhgbrSLBhZ
意群训练:Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎26. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths where most of the energy of sunlight is concentratedto pass throughthey absorb some of the longer-wavelengthinfrared emissions radiated from the Earths surfaceradiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4) ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎虽然这些分子允许可见波长(visible wavelength)的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此——不受阻挡地穿透,但它们却会吸收某些较长波长(longer-wavelength),亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射(infrared emission),这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎7SpgfarEqi
难句类型:复杂修饰、抽象词 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎aSgVa2bFNX
解释:前面的分句中有一个不算很长的插入语,但是因为它插入的位置正好在固定搭配allow something to do somthing中间,将allowto分得很远,所以读起来让人感觉很不舒服。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎SnqlXVO6lc
后面的分句中的最后一行radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space是其前面的infrared emissions的同位语。其中的otherwise是副词作状语,表示如果后面的分句所说的they absorb some of the longer-waverlength, infrared emissions不发生时的后果。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎zWVEoIX8qu
意群训练:Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated to pass through they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.◎大宝考研版

27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraintsways of feelingthinkingand acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. 4) ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎dh2LuycAua
这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用,不是规定人类行为的种种细节,而是将各种限制强加于人类——即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎ODOTJMtAKF
难句类型:复杂修饰、省略 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎LtGI0UxIVw
解释:尽管我们很熟悉the role of something的这种表达,但本句中the role of被作者胜利很活。首先,在role后面有一个省略了引导词that的定语从句(因为role在从句中作ascribe的宾语),这样就把role和系动词is隔得很远。其次,but前面的句子的主要结构The role is not of doing something其实是The role is not the role of doing something的省略形式,因为后面的the role与前面的完全重复,如果不把它省略掉,谁看到都要觉得啰嗦。因为同样的道理,but之后的one of imposing constraints实际上是is one role of imposing constraints的省略形式。 ◎大宝考研版权所有,拒绝转载◎意群训练:The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating  the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints ways of feeling thinkingand acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. 


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