翻译技巧：医学翻译特点

翻译技巧：医学翻译特点
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2017/12/13 8:15:52

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翻译技巧：医学翻译特点

医学英语和翻译属于科技英语的范畴，无论其语言表达形式还是翻译都与文学英语和生活英语有很大的差异。了解它们之间的特点和差别，对于正确理解和翻译科普作品是非常重要的，本文拟就北京医学翻译的特点和翻译谈几点看法
1. 医学英语的特点
1.1 拉丁词素和希腊词素占的比例较大
在医学英语词汇中，有75%的医学术语含有希腊语和拉丁语成分，这是因为拉丁语和希腊语的词形和词义比较固定，而且它们的构词能力也非常强，通过合成法、派生法、缀合法等构词方法能与各种词干相结合，产生大量的北京医学翻译词汇，所以，医学词汇一般都比较冗长复杂例如，cadio（心）与graph（描记仪、图像）构成cadiograph（心动描记器），hemi（单侧）与plegia（瘫痪）构成hemiplegia（偏瘫）,cyto（细胞）与toxin（毒素）构成cytotoxin（细胞毒素）等等。
1.2 北京医学翻译多采用现在时态和陈述语气
由于医学类的科技英语描述的主要对象是客观存在的事实、现象或真理，因此，其句中的谓语动词时态一般都采用一般现在时；既然它是叙述事物的发生与发展过程，提示其变化规律的，故其动词的语气主要采用陈述语气。
1.3 被动语态和祈使句多
在北京医学翻译中被动语态和祈使句用得较多，其原因在于科技英语讲究语言简洁、流利、清楚，科技文章主要论述客观存在的事实和科学论断，并且希望强调和突出所论述的事物，为此，谓语动词常采用以客观事物为主体的被动语态和祈使句形式。
1.4 句子长，复杂句多，每句包容的信息量大
医学英语作为科技英语，为了准确严密地表达事物之间的逻辑关系，通常一句话含有几个从句和短语，所以，句子一般比较长，结构复杂，修饰成分多，这也是科普英语的基本共性。例如:
"This tube, known as the digestive tract，or alimentary canal，is made up of the oral cavity where food gains access to the body; the pharynx situated at the back of the oral cavity; the esophagus, which is a long tube connecting the pharynx with the stomach; the stomach，which stores foods and partially digests it; the small intestines, in which most of the food is digested and absorbed into the blood; and large intestines and return，in which the unabsorbed food is stored until its elimination from the body.
Now scientists, immunologists and virologists are attempting to find a medical intervention which can help cure those who become sick，whose immune systems have been compromised，and protect those who have not yet become infected.
l.5 非谓语动词、介词短语用得多
由于北京医学翻译文章要求简练，或因篇幅限制，要在有限的篇幅里阐明作者的科研成果和论断，就得尽力使句子结构简洁严谨，以避免或减少复杂的长句，因此，在医学英语中，非谓语动词短语（不定式短语、动名词短语、分词短语）和介词、名词短语使用得比较多。例如:
Evaluation by modern scientific methods has shown that some medicinal herbs used by traditional doctors for the acute abdomen are good for overcoming obstructions of the gastrointestinal and biliary tracts and regulating the functions of these organs; some have significant antibacterial and toxinrelieving effects, while still others are effective in improving the
circulation of the organs involved，in tranquilizing the central nervous system，in stimulating the activity of adrenal cortex and in enhancing general body resistence.
1.6 常采用it作形式主语的主语从句和不定式短语作主语的结
为了叙述方便，语义明晰，句子结构平衡紧凑，医学英语中经常使用以it作形式主语的主语从句和不定式短语作主语的句子结构，以避免句子结构滞重;并且为了行文层次清楚，程序分明，经常使用表示时间顺序的副词状语。如，first of all, firstly, secondly, then, next, lastly, finally，等等。例如:
It is clear that further exploration, application and research on acupuncture will be not only significant for the health and welfare of the people but also important for the progress of medical science. He wondered if it was possible to immunize persons to smallpox by injecting them with pus from the sores of cows suffering from cowpox..
1.7 讲究平衡，从不同角度或多方面阐明某一概念
在医学英语中，常用两词或更多的词，如or, and连接意义相同的词语，使某一概念阐述得更完整、确切，或从不同的角度完整、详尽地论述某一问题。动词也多使用词义确切的单个动词，较少使用成语动词。例如:
"The respiratory system is composed of two portions: l）conducting，and 2）respiratory. The conducting portion, or airpassages, comprises a series of tubes, namely, the nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe) and bronchi; the respiratory portion，the lungs.
Metabolism can be roughly divided into a building-up，or constructive phase known as anabolism and breaking-down, or destructive, called catabolism.