Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.
例如:Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
英文原句是个典型的长句,由27个词组成,中间没有使用任何标点符号,完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整:less through...and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中,“产生兴趣”这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达,两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达,整个句子被化整为零。
例如:On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
原文中两个only if引导的从句显然使整个句子变得很复杂,可是由于有并列连词but和and,整句话的逻辑关系十分清楚:……能够得出结论……但是只要……而且只要……。从上面的译文我们可以看出,为了使中文表达更加清楚,but only if...and only if...首先提纲挈领:但是必须具备两个条件……,这种做法给我们的感觉是译文中没有从句,有的只是一些不同的分句。
And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
原文中有三个被动语态is imagined, be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:认为、相比和掌握。
有些英语被动需要把主语译成汉语的宾语,这样才能更加符合中文的表达习惯。
例如:New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past time.
Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points whereas the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more "unnatural food."
英语有两句俗话:一是You know a word by the company it keeps.(要知义如何,关键看词伙),二是Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them.(词本无义,义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的,而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说,这种活用是词义和用法的引申,翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申,译者就需要进行推理。 例如:
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
“recreate”根据构词法和一般词典上解释都是“重新创造”,但是仔细观察recreate不难发现它带有宾语the significant events of the part,从逻辑上来讲,“过去的重大历史事件”是不能“重新创造”的,作者显然对recreate一词的词义进行了引申。做翻译的人经常会有这样一种感受:某个词明明认识,可就是不知道该怎样表达。这其实就是词的引申和推理在起作用。