1) Lincoln was a good speaker and student of political philosophy.
误译:林肯是一个杰出的演说家,又是一个政治哲学系的学生。
正译:林肯擅长演说,又刻苦学习政治哲学。
分析:这里有两个错误,根据我们所知,林肯没有读过书,怎么会变成政治哲学系的学生呢?实际上,这里是一种英语的表达方法,比如我们说一个人歌唱的好,既可以说She sings beautifully,也可以说She is a beautiful singer.(当然这里用she会造成一定的歧义),后一种说法是很常见的。所以,这里的speaker和student,实际上在汉语中是“说”和“学习”的意思。第二个错误是没有注意到good不仅修饰speaker,而且同时修饰student。也可以这样看:很明显,如果good只是修饰speaker的话,那么在student之前应该有一个不定冠词a。因此我们说遇到这种句子结构要格外小心,多方面考虑,以免造成误译。
1) Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.
1) It is difficult to see how any student of general physics can gain real insight into the material and methods of physics without some experience in the laboratory.
分析:在it is difficult/impossible to do…without这种结构中,without的短语一般是修饰主句动词is的,但是,如果主句中还有一个非谓语形式的动词或从句动词,那么without短语就不一定总是修饰主句谓语了。从上下文来看,这里的without短语就是修饰从句动词gain的。