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汽车技术英文词典在线查询

发表时间:2015/06/02 00:00:00  来源:www.e-ging.com  作者:www.e-ging.com  浏览次数:70038  
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CHAPTER 1   AUTOMOTIVE BASICS
1.1   Principal Components  
主要构成零部件
Today's average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can grouped into four major categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equipment.  现在,一般汽车由大约一万五千多个独立的零部件组成。这些部件分为四大类,即发动机(引擎系统),车身,底盘和电气设备。


1.5   Electrical   Equipment  电气设备
The electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater, and starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit. This circuit consists of the battery, alternator (or generator). The battery stores electricity. The alternator changes the engine's mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the battery.
电气设备为汽车点火、喇叭、车灯、发热器和启动器提供电力。通过循环充电来维持电量

 

New Words
Principal component   主要部件
category   种类,类型
body   车身
chassis   底盘
layout   布置
power unit   动力装置
internal combustion engine   内燃机
cylinder   汽缸
gasoline   汽油
spark   火花
ignition   点燃,点火
diesel   柴油机
compression   压缩
shaft   
transmission   传动系
sheet metal   金属板
shell   外壳
hood   (发动机)罩
trunk deck   行李舱盖
cargo   货物
styling   样式
assembly   总成,装配
suspension   悬挂,悬置
shock   冲击
steering   转向,操纵
brake   刹车,制动器
clutch   离合器
gearbox   变速器
driveshaft   传动轴
final drive   主减速器,后桥
differential   差速器
slow down   (使)慢下来,减速
horn   喇叭
starter   起动机
charge   充电
alternator   交流发电机

Review Questions

1.      List the main parts of an automobile?

2.      What are the common types of a vehicle according to body styling?

3.      Which systems does a chassis include and what are the main functions of the chassis?

4.      Why are suspension systems used on vehicles?

CHAPTER2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 内燃发动机

2.1 principle of operation 发动机的工作原理/操作原理

2.1.1 Engine and power  发动机与能量

  Engine is used to produce power.

发动机产生动能。

The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber, the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine. 汽油燃料通过受控速度的燃烧讲自身的化学能转化为热能。这个过程称作燃烧。如果发动机的内燃在燃料室中发上,发动机被称作内燃发动机。如果内燃发生在汽缸外,发动机则被称作外燃发动机。

  Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. 汽车的发动机是内燃发动机。

 

Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power. 燃烧汽缸中释放的热能将汽缸内的内燃其他温度升高。气体温度的升高导致其他压强增大。汽缸内的压强不断产生以用于活塞头产生可用的机械动力,随后转变成为有用的机械动能。

2.1.2 Engine Terms  发动机术语

  Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.

连动杆将汽缸活塞与机轴联接起来,这种连接促使气体

The power stroke “uses up” the gas, so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are :

  TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft.  上止点

  BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. 下止点

  Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft. 冲程

  Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder. 内孔(汽缸的内直径)

  Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC. 活塞排量

  Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of50cm. 发动机容积

  Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC.  汽缸余隙容积

  Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\(clearance vol)  压缩率


  Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank. 二冲程–曲柄旋转一圈作功一次。

  Four-stroke : a power stroke every other revolution of the crank.四冲程-曲柄旋转两圈作功一次。

 



2.1.3 The Four-stroke Spark-ignition Engine Cycle 

   The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition, which converts the energy contained in the fuel to kinetic energy.

   The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft.

The operating strokes are :

 

This stroke introduces a mixture of atomized gasoline and air into the cylinder. The stroke starts when the piston moves downward from a position near the top of the cylinder. As the piston moves downward, a vacuum, or low-pressure area, is created. 
During the intake stroke, one of the ports is opened by moving the inlet valve. The exhaust valve remains tightly closed.

Compression stroke
As the piston moves upward to compress the fuel mixture trapped in the cylinder, the valves are closed tightly. This compression action heats the air/fuel mixture slightly and confines it within a small area called the combustion chamber.

Power stroke
Just before the piston reaches the top of its compression stroke, an electrical spark is introduced from a spark plug screwed into the cylinder head.
The spark ignites the compressed, heated mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber to cause rapid burning. The burning fuel produces intense heat that causes rapid expansion of the gases compressed within the cylinder. This pressure forces the piston downward. The downward stroke turns the crankshaft with great force.

Exhaust stroke
Just before the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. This allows the piston, as it moves upward, to push the hot, burned gases out through the open exhaust valve.
Then, just before the piston reaches its highest point, the exhaust valve closes and the inlet valve opens. As the piston reaches the highest point in the cylinder, known as TDC, it starts back down again. Thus, one cycle ends and another begins immediately.

2.1.4  Engine Overall Mechanics

   The engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine block , engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves. The other parts are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubrication system and exhaust system. Each of these systems has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail later.

NEW WORD

Piston                 活塞

Connecting rod         连杆

Crankshaft             曲轴

Power stoke            活塞行程

Expel                 排出

Valve                 气阀

inlet(intake) valve       进气阀

exhaust valve           排气阀

term                  术语

TDC                  上止点

BDC                  下止点

Bore                   缸径

swept volume            有效容积

engine capacity           发动机排量

clearance volume          余隙容积,燃烧室容积

compression ratio          压缩比

revolution               旋转,转数

every other              每隔一个

cycle                   循环

spread over              分布,遍及

intake stroke             进气行程             

compression stroke        压缩行程

knock                   敲缸,敲打

exhaust stroke            排气行程

engine block             发动机缸体

lubrication               润滑

2.2  Engine Block and Cylinder Head

2.2.1   Engine Block
The engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.
Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.
2.2.2   Cylinder Head
The cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. The most common cylinder head types are the hemi, wedge, and semi-hemi. All three of these terms refer to the shape of the engine's combustion chamber. The cylinder head carries the valves, valve springs and the rockers on the rocker shaft, this part of the valve gear being worked by the push-rods. Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement. Like the cylinder block, the head is made from either cast iron or aluminum alloy.
2.2.3   Gasket
The cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. This is a sandwich gasket, i.e. a sheet of asbestos between two sheets of copper, both these materials being able to withstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.
2.2.4   Oil Pan or Sump
The oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.
New Words
engine block   缸体
cylinder head   气缸盖
fasten   使固定
water jacket   水套
oil gallery   油道
camshaft   凸轮轴
overhead-cam(OHC)   顶置凸轮
gray iron   灰铸铁
alloy   合金
nickel   
chromium   
casting   铸件
head cover   汽缸盖罩
intake manifold   进气总管
distributor   分电器
oil pan   油底壳
aluminum   
be lined with   镶有
cylinder sleeve   气缸套
hemi   半球形
wedge   楔型,楔入
semi-hemi   准半球形
rocker   摇臂
push-rod   推杆
gasket   衬垫
high-tensile   高强度的
stud   螺栓
gas-tight   密封的
asbestos   石棉
crankcase   曲轴箱,曲柄箱
encase   封闭,把…包起来
drain off   排出,流出

Review Question

1.      What do TDC, BDC, stroke, compression ratio and engine capacity stand for?

2.      How do you calculate swept volume and compression ratio?

3.      What controls the length of the stroke?

4.      List the main parts of the engine overall mechanics?

5.      What are the main function of the engine block?

 

 

 

 

2.3  Piston Connecting Rod and Crankshaft

2.3.1  Piston Assembly

  The piston is an important part of a four-stroke cycle engine. Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston , through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force create by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft .Thin, circular , steel bands fit into grooves around the piston to seal the bottom of the combustion chamber. These bands are called piston rings. The grooves into which they fit are called ring grooves. A piston pin fits into a round hole in the piston . The piston pin joins the piston to the connecting rod . The thick part of the piston that holds the piston is the pin boss.

The piston itself , its rings and the piston pin are together called the piston assembly.

2.3.2.Piston

To withstand the heat of the combustion chamber, the piston must be strong. It also must be light, since it travels at high speeds as it moves up and down inside the cylinder. The piston is hollow. It is thick at the top where it take the brunt of the heat and the expansion force. It is thin at the bottom, where there is less heat. The top part of the piston is the head , or crown . The thin part is the skirt The sections between the ring grooves are called ring lands.

The piston crown may be flat , concave ,dome or recessed . In diesel engine , the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown , depending on the method of injection . So they use pistons with different shapes.


 

 

2.3.3Piston Rings

As Fig.2-9 shows , piston rings fit into ring grooves near the of the piston. In simplest terms, piston rings are thin, circular pieces of metal that fit into grooves in               the tops of the pistons.

In modern engines ,each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines sometimes had four rings, or even five.) The ring’s outside surface presses against the cylinder walls. Rings provide the needed seal between the piston and the cylinder walls. That is, only the rings contact the cylinder walls. The top two rings are to keep the gases in the cylinder and are called compression rings. The lower one prevents the oil splashed onto the cylinder bore from entering the combustion chamber , and is called an oil ring. Chrome-face cast-iron compression rings are commonly used in automobile engines. The chrome face provide a very smooth , wear-resistant surface.

During the power stoke , combustion pressure on the combustion rings is very high. It causes them to untwist . Some of the high-pressure gas gets in back of the rings. This force the ring face into full contact with the cylinder wall. The combustion pressure also holds the bottom of the ring tightly against the bottom of the ring groove. Therefore , high combustion pressure causes a tighter seal between the ring face and the cylinder wall.


2.3.4 Piston Pin

The piston pin holds together the piston and the connecting rod . This pin fits into the piston pin holes and into a hole in the top end of the connecting rod. The top end of is much smaller than the end that fits on the crankshaft . This small end fits inside  the bottom of the piston . The piston pin fits through one side of the piston , through the small end of the rod , and then through the other side of the piston . It holds the rod firmly in place in the center of the piston. Pins are made of high-strengh steel and have a hollow center . Many pins are chrome-plated to help them wear better.

2.3.3 Connecting rod

The connecting rod is made of forged high-strength steel . It transmits and motion from the piston to the crankpin on the crankshaft . The connecting rod little end is connected to the piston pin . A bush made from a soft metal , such as bronze , is used for this joint . The lower end of the connecting rod fits the crankshaft journal . This is called the big end . For this big-end bearing , steel-backed lead or tin shell bearing are used . These are the same as those used for the main bearings . The split of the big end is sometimes at an angle , so that it is small enough to be withdrawn through the cylinder bore . The connecting rod is made from forged alloy steel .


2.3.5  Crankshaft

The crankshaft , in conjunction with the connecting rod , coverts the reciprocating motion of the piston to the rotary motion needed to drive the vehicle . It is usually made from carbon steel which is alloyed with a small proportion of nickel .The main bearing journals fit into the cylinder block and the big end journals align with the connecting rods .At the rear end of the crankshaft is attached the flywheel , and at the front end are the driving whells for the timing gears , fan , cooling water and alternator .

  The throw of the crankshaft , the distance between the main journal and the big end centers , controls the length of the stroke . The stroke is double the throw , and the stroke-length is the distance that the piston travels from TDC to BDC and vice versa .


2.3.6 Flywheel

   The flywheel is the made from carbon steel . It fit s onto the rear of the crankshaft . As well as keeping the engine rotating between power strokes it also carries the clutch , which transmits the drive to the transmission , and has the starter ring gear around its circumference . There is only one working stroke in four so a flywheel is needed to drive the crankshaft during the time that the engine is performing the non-power strokes .


New Words

Comprise 由。。。。。。。组成,包含

Inter 惯性,惯量

Radius 半径,范围

Circular 圆形的

Steel band 钢圈

Fit into 放入,放进

Groove 凹槽

Piston pin 活塞销

Pin boss 活塞销凸台

Withstand 抵抗

Hollow 空的

Brunt 冲力

Crown 活塞顶

Skirt 裙部

Ring land 环带

Concave 凹的,凹入的

Dome 圆顶

Recessed 隐蔽的

Cylinder wall 气缸壁

Cylinder bore 缸筒

Splash 飞溅

chrome-face 表面镀银的

Untwist 朝相反方向的

In place 在适当位置

Chrome-plated 镀铬的

Forge 伪造,仿造

Crankpin 曲轴销

Bush 轴瓦,套筒

Bronze 青铜

Crankshaft journal 曲轴轴颈

Steel-backed 钢背的

Lead 铅

Tin 锡

Splint 切口,中断,分配,分离

In conjunction with 连同

Reciprocating motion 往复运动

Rotary 旋转的

Carbon steel 碳钢

Journal 轴颈

Align with 匹配

Overlap 重叠

Timing gear 正时齿轮

Throw 摆幅

Vice verse 反之亦然

Impulse 脉冲

Space out 隔开,分隔

Through out 遍及

Diagram 图表

Firing order 点火顺序

Companion 成对

Circumference 圆周

2.4 Valve System

  The valve system is made up of those parts needed to open and close the valves at just the right time .

2.4.1 Valve Operation

    To coordinate the four-stroke cycle , a group parts called the valve train opens and closes the valves ( moves them down and up , respectively ) . These valve movements must take place at exactly the right moments . The opening of each valve is controlled by a camshaft .

1. Camshaft(OHC) Valve Train Overhead

The cam is an egg-shaped piece of metal on a shaft that rotates in coordination with the crankshaft . The metal shaft , called the camshaft , typically has individual cams for each valve in the engine . As the camshaft rotates , the lobe , or high spot of the cam , pushes against parts connected to the stem of the valve . This action forces the valve to move downward . This action could open an inlet valve , or open an exhaust valve for an exhaust stroke .

As the camshaft continues to rotate , the high spot moves away from the valve mechanism . As this occurs , valve spring pull the valve tightly closed against its opening , called the valve seat .

Valve in modern car engines are located in the cylinder head at the top the engine . This is known as an overhead valve (OHC) configuration . In addition , when the camshaft is located over the cylinder head , the arrangement is known as overhead camshaft (OHC) design . Some high-performance engine have two separate camshafts , one for each set of inlet and exhaust valves . These engines are known as overhead-camshaft (DHOC) engine .

2. Push-rod Valve Train

The camshaft also can be located in the lower part of the engine , within the engine block . To transfer the motion of the cam upward to the valve , additional parts are needs .

In this arrangement , the cam lobs push against round metal cylinders called follower upward ( away from the camshaft ) . The cam follower rides against a push rod , which pushes against a rocker arm . The rocker arm pivots on a shaft through its center . As one side of the rocker arm moves up , the other side moves down , just like a seesaw . The downward-moving side of the rocker arm pushes on the valve stem to open the valve .

Because a push-rod valve train has additional parts , it is more difficult to run at high speeds . Push-rod engines typically run at slower speeds and , consequently , produce less horsepower than overhead-camshaft designs of equal size . ( Remember , power is the rate at which work is done .)

  2.4.2 Valve Clearance

When the engine runs in compression stroke and power stroke , the valves must close tightly on their seats to produce a gas-tight seal and thus prevent the gases escaping from the combustion chamber . If the valves do not close fully the engine will not develop fill power . Also the valve heads will be liable to be brunt by the passing hot gases , and there is the likelihood of crown touching an open valve , which can seriously damage the engine .

So that the valves can close fully some clearance is needed in the operating mechanism . This means that the operating mechanism must be able to move sufficiently far enough away from the valve t allow the valves to be fully closed against its seat by the valve spring . However , if the clearance is set too great this will cause a light metallic taping noise .

 2.4.3 Valve Timing

       The time at which valves open and close ( valve timing ) and the duration of the valve opening in stated in degrees of crankshaft rotation . For example , the intake valve normally begins to open just before the piston has reached the top dead center . The valve remains open as the piston travels down to BDC and even past BDC . This is intake valve duration .An example of this could be stated as follows : IO at 17BTDC , IC at 51ABDC ( or , intake opens 17before top dead center , intake closes 51after bottom dead center ) . Intake valve duration in this case is 248 of crankshaft rotation .

This leaves 129 duration for the compression stroke since compression ends when the piston reaches TDC . At this point the power stroke begins . The power stroke ends when the exhaust valve begins to open approximately at 51 before bottom dead center . The duration of the power stroke in this case is also 129 .

Since the exhaust valve is opening at 51 BBDC , this begins the exhaust stroke . The exhaust stroke continues as the piston passes BDC and moves upward to past TDC . With the exhaust valve closing at 17 TTDC , the duration of the exhaust stroke is 248 .

It is apparent from this description that the exhaust valve stays open for a short period of time during which the intake valve is also open . In other words , the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stroke overlap for a short period of time . This is called valve overlap . Valve timing and valve overlap vary on different engines.

Opening the intake valve before TDC and closing it after BDC increase the fill of air-fuel mixture in the cylinder . Opening the intake valve early helps overcome the static inertia of the air-fuel mixture at the beginning of the intake stroke , while leaving the intake valve open after BDC takes advantage of the kentia of the moving air-fuel mixture . This increase volumetric efficiency .

As the piston moves down on the power stroke past the 90 ATDC position , pressure in the cylinder has dropped , and the leverage to the crankshaft has decreased due to connecting rod angle and crankshaft position . This ends the effective length of the power stroke , and the exhaust valve can now be opened to begin expelling the burned gases . The exhaust valve remains open until the piston has moved up past the TDC position . This helps to remove as much of the burned gases as is possible and increase volumetric efficiency .

2.4.4 Cam Design and Control Dynamics

The function of the cam is to open and close the valves as far as possible , as fast as possible and as smoothly as possible . The closing force for the valves is applied by the valve spring which also maintain contact between the cam and the valves . Dynamic force impose limits on cam and valve lift .

The entire valve-train assembly can be view as a spring \mass system in which the conversion from stored to free energy causes force vibration . Valve-train assemblies with overhead camshafts can be represented with sufficient accuracy by a 1-mass system ( consisting of the moving mass , the valve-train assembly stiffness and corresponding damping ) .

For system with valve bottom-mounted camshaft and push rods , a 2-mass system is being increasingly used .

The maximum permissible contact stress , usually regarded as the parameter which limits cam-lobe radius and the rate of opening on the flank , currently lies between 600-700Mpa depending upon the material parings used .

2.4.5   Camshaft  Drive  Mechanism

Each cam must revolve once during the four-stroke cycle to open a valve. A cycle, remember, corresponds with two revolutions of the crankshaft . Therefore,  the camshaft must revolve at exactly half the speed of the crankshaft . This is accomplished with a 2:1 gear ratio .A gear connected to the camshaft has twice the number of teeth as a gear connected to the crankshaft. The gears are linked in one of three ways:

1.Belt Drive

A cog-type belt can be used .Such belts are made of synthetic rubber and reinforced with internal steel or fiberglass strands. The belts have teeth ,or slotted spaces to engage and drive teeth on gear wheels. A belt typically is used on engines with overhead-cam valve trains.

2.Chain Drive

On some engines, a metal chain is used to connect the crankshaft and camshaft gears. Most push-rod engines and some OHC engines have chains.

3.Gear Drive

The camshaft and crankshaft gears can be connected directly, or meshed. This type of operating linkage commonly is used on older six-cylinder, inline engines.

 A camshaft driven by a chain or belt turns in the same direction as the crankshaft . But a Camshaft driven directly by the crankshaft gear turns in the opposite direction. Timing belts are used because they cost less than chains and operate more quietly. A typical timing belt is made of neoprene (synthetic rubber) reinforced with fiberglass.

 

2.4.6 Electronic Valve Control System

An electronic value control (EVC) system replaces the mechanical camshaft, controlling each value with actuators for independent value timing. The EVC system controls the opening and closing time and lift amount of each intake and exhaust valve with independent actuators on each value. Changing from a mechanical camshaft driven value into independently controlled actuator valves provides a huge amount of flexibility in engine control strategy. Vehicles utilizing EVC can realize several benefits including:

1)      increases engine power and fuel economy,

2)      allows centralized and distributed EVC systems to perform at their full potential,

3)      adapts to engines of varied cylinder counts.

With all of the improved efficiencies and consumer benefits, auto manufacturers are eager to get their first EVC systems on the road. The EVC system is targeted to operate in temperatures up to 125, while the actuator is targeted to run up to 6000 r/min. The actuator can be controlled in a centralized system with a high-speed multiplex bus (up to 10Mbps) or in a distributed system with a nominal speed bus.

EVC systems must be compact in size, specifically the actuators that must be small enough to fit in the engine space. A vehicle that uses a 42V system is ideal for EVC because it requires high voltage to control the value actuators, and EVC is targeted for V8 and V12 engines. The EVC system is also highly flexible, allowing adaptability  for a number of cylinder engines.

                         New  Words

coordinate                  协调

valve train                  气阀传动

respectively                分别的,各自的

overhead camshaft           顶置凸微轮轴

guide                      导管

tappet                  挺杆

valve insert                 气门座

cotter                      锁销,锁片

opening                     口

lobe                        凸起

spot                        点,位置

stem                        杆

dual                         双的

cam follower                 凸轮挺杆

seesaw                      跷跷板,杠杆

value clearance               气门间歇

gas-tight seal                  气封

liable to                      容易

likelihood             可能               

tapping                       轻敲

valve timing                   配气正时             

intake valve                    进气阀           

exhaust valve                  排气阀

static                         静态的,静力的

kinetic                        (运)动的,动力(学)的

volumetric                     测定体积的

leverage                       杠杆作用

offset                          偏移量

dynamics                       动力学

valve lift                        气门挺杆

valve…as…                     把…..看成……

parameter                       参数,参量

radius                          半径,范围 

flank                           侧面 

pairing                          配对,成对  

correspond with                  相当于     

gear ratio                        传动比   

cog-type belt                     齿型带

synthetic rubber                   合成橡胶

reinforce                         加强

fiberglass                         玻璃纤维

strand                           绳,线,绞合  

slotted                           有槽的,切槽的

mesh                            相啮合

linkage                           联动

inline engine                      直列发动机  

neoprene                         氯丁(二稀)橡胶

electronic valve control (EVC)        电子式气阀控制

centralized system                  集中系统

distributed system                   分布系统 

varied cylinder count                可变的汽缸数

architecture                        结构,构造

processor                          处理器 

local node                         局域节点 

communication layer                 通信层

synchronization                     同步

Review Question

1. List the main parts of the OHC valve train .

2. How does a push-rod valve train work ?

3. how are the valve clearance adjusted by hand ?

4. Why do the intake valves open before TDC and close after BDC ?

        5. What do we mean by “ valve overlap “

6. Why do most cars use timing belts rather than chains ?

7. What are the advantage of the electronic valve control (EVC) ?

 

 

2.5  Gasoline Fuel System

2.5.1 Gasoline

Gasoline is distilled from crude petroleum . Gasoline is highly flammable , meaning it burns easily in the presence of air .

Gasoline must vaporize easily . This characteristic , called volatility , is important . However , it must not vaporize too easily , or it will turn to vapor inside the fuel tank or fuel lines . Inside the fuel line , fuel vapor may block the flow of liquid gasoline . This is called vapor lock . Vapor lock is common in fuel lines where the inlet side of the pump is exposed to high temperatures . 

The flammability of gasoline varies with its quality and the additives mixed with the gasoline The way gasoline burns inside the combustion chamber is most important .

Increasing the pressure of the fuel mixture in the combustion chamber before ignition helps to increase the power of an engine . This is done by compression the fuel mixture to a smaller volume . Higher compression ratio not only boost power but also give more efficient power . But as the compression ratio goes up , knocking tendency increase . The octane number of a gasoline is a measure of its antiknock quality or ability to resist detonation during combustion . Detonation , sometimes referred to as knock , can be defined as an uncontrolled explosion of the last portion of the burning fuel-air mixture due to excessive temperature and pressure condition in the combustion chamber . Since detonation creates shock pressure waves , and hence audible knock , rather tan smooth combustion and expansion of the fuel-air mixture , it result in loss of power , excessive localized temperatures , and engine damage if sufficiently severe .

There are two commonly used methods of determining the octane number of motor gasoline the motor method and the research method . Both used the same type of laboratory single –cylinder engine , which is equipped with a variable head and a knock meter to indicate knock intensity . Using the test sample as fuel , the engine compression ratio and the air-fuel mixture are adjusted to develop a specified knock intensity . Two primary standard reference fuels , normal heptane and iso-octane , arbitrarily assigned 0 and 100 octane numbers , respectively , are then blended to produce the same knock intensity as the test sample . Thus , if the matching reference blend is made up of 15 n-heptane and 85 iso-octane , the test sample , the test sample is rate 85 motor or research octane number , according to the test method used .

2.5.2 Adaptation to Operating Condition

    In certain operation conditions , the fuel requirement differs greatly from the basic injection-fuel quantity so that corrective is required in mixture formation .

1.Cold Start

During a cold start , the air-fuel mixture drawn in by the engine leans off . This is due to the low turbulence at cranking speeds causing poor mixture of the fuel particles with the air , and to the minimal evaporation of the fuel and wetting of the cylinder walls and intake ports with fuel at low temperature . In order to compensate for these phenomena , and thus facilitate staring of the cold engine , additional fuel must be injected during cranking .

2.Post-start Phase

        After staring at low temperatures , it is necessary to enrich the mixture for a short period in order to compensate for poor mixture formation and wetting of the cylinder and intake-port walls with fuel . In addition , the rich mixture results in higher torque and therefore better throttle response when accelerating from idle .

3.Warm-up

        The warm=up phase follows the cold-start and the post-start phase . The engine needs extra fuel during the warm-up phase because some of the fuel condenses on the still cold cylinder walls . At low temperatures , mixture formation is poor due to the large fuel droplets concerned , and due to the inefficient mixing of the fuel with the air drawn in by the engine , The result is that fuel condenses on the intake valves and in the intake manifold , and only evaporates at higher temperatures .

        The above factors all necessitate an increasing enrichment of the mixture along with decreasing temperature .

4.Acceleration

         If the throttle is opened abruptly , the air-fuel mixture is momentarily leaned-off , and a short period of mixture enrichment is needed to ensure good transitional response .

        5 . Part  Load

         During part-load operation , achieving maximum air-fuel economy and observing the emission values are the crucial factors .

6.Full  Load

The engine delivers maximum power at full load , when the air-fuel mixture must be enriched compared to that at part load .

This enrichment depends on engine speed and provide maximum possible torque over the entire engine-speed range . This also ensure optimum fuel-economy figures during full-load operation .

7.Idling

In addition to the efficiency of the engine , the engine idle speed principally determines the fuel consumption at idle .

The higher frictional resistances in the cold engine must be overcome by increasing the air-fuel mixture input . In order to achieve smoother running at idle , the idle-speed control increases the idle speed . This also leads to more rapid warm-up of the engine . Close-loop idle-speed control prevents too high an idle speed . The mixture quantity corresponds to the quantity required for maintaining the idle speed at the relevant load ( e.g.. cold engine and increased friction ) . It also permits constant exhaust-gas emission values for a long period without idle adjustment . Closed-loop idle-speed control also partially compensates for charges in the engine resulting from aging and ensures stable engine idling throughout the service life .

 8.Overrun

Cutting off the fuel during deceleration reduces fuel consumption not merely on long downhill runs and during braking , but also in town traffic . Because no fuel is burnt , there are no emission .

 9.Engine-speed Limiting

          When a presser engine speed is reached , the ECU suppresses the fuel-injection pulses .

          10.Adaptation of the Air-fuel Mixture at High Altitudes

          The low density of air at high altitudes necessitates a leaner air-fuel mixture . At high altitudes , due to the lower air density , the volumetric floe measured by the air-fuel sensor corresponds to a lower air-mass floe . This error can compensated for by correcting the fuel quantity . Over-enrichment is avoided and , therefore , excessive fuel consumption .

2.5.3 Carburetor

As shown in Fig.2-20 , the fuel system has a fuel tank , fuel tank , fuel pump , fuel filter and carburetor . These parts store gasoline and deliver it to the carburetor as needed . Stated simply , the fuel tank stores the gasoline . The fuel lines carry the fuel from the tank to the carburetor . The fuel pump moves gasoline from the tank and through the fuel lines to carburetor . the fuel filter removes impurities from the gasoline . Then the carburetor sends the fuel ━ a mixture of air and gasoline ━ into the combustion chamber .

2.5.4 Motronic Combine Ignition and Fuel Injection System

The carburetor sends the correct air-fuel mixture to the engine . However , not all cars have carburetors . Fuel-injection systems are used on many modern cars .

Fuel-injection systems have many advantages over carburetors . For example , they provide more exact fuel control . Thus , they can better match air-fuel ratios to changing engine conditions . They also provide better economy and emission control . Furthermore , fuel-injection system do not need many of the parts that carburetor have .

The Motronic system is an engine-management system comprising a control unit ( ECU ) which implements at least the two basic function ignition and fuel injection , but which , however may contain additional subsystems as required for improves engine control .

1.      Detection of Measured Valves

The combustion process in the cylinder is influenced not only by fuel management , mixture quantity and air-fuel ratio , but also by the ignition advance and the energy contained in the ignition spark . An optimized engine control the air-fuel ratio λ throughout the injection time t ( i.e. the quantity of injected fuel ) as well as the ignition advance angle α and the dwell angle β . The main parameters which effect the combustion process are detected as measure values and processed together such that the optimum ignition and injection timing is calculated for instantaneous engine operating conditions

2.      Actuating Variables/Sensors

Engine speed and load are the main actuating variables . Because a specific ignition advance angle and a specific injection time correspond to each point of the engine speed/load map , it is important that all variables which pertain to the same point are calculate on the same speed /load area . This is only possible if the ignition advance and the injection time are calculated with the same speed and load valves ( engine speed detected only once with the same sensors ) .

This avoids statistical errors which can result , for example , from tolerances of different load sensor devices . Whereas a slightly different allocation in the part-load rage normally only increases consumption or exhaust emission , at full load near the knock limit the susceptibility t engine knocking increase . Clear allocation of the ignition timing angle and the injection time is provide by Motronic Systems , even under conditions of dynamic engine operation .

3.      Motronic System

The Motonic system comprise a series of subsystem , the two basic subsystem being ignition and fuel injection . The combined system is more flexible and can implement a greater number of functions than the corresponding individual system . An important feature of the Motronic system is its implementation of a large number of freely programmable maps as desired for most sub-functions .

The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) function has not been used in Europe to date , and is therefore provide only as an alternative systems . The lambda control system can only be considered today if used in conjunction with an adaptive precontrol for reasons of reduced exhaust emissions .

The knock control is either connected to the Motronic system via a defined interface , or integrated into the system . This combination of subsystem makes sense a physical standpoint : it enables a basic system ( ignition and fuel injection ) with open-loop functional control in a management system .

The idle speed control is realized by means of data from the ignition system and the fuel emissions .

The knock control is either connected to the Motronic system via a defined interface , or integrated into the system . This combination of subsystem makes sense a physical standpoint : it enables a basic system ( ignition and fuel injection ) with open-loop functional control in a management system .

The idle speed control is realized by means of data from the ignition system and the fuel injection system and is part of the overall system of control which includes tank ventilation and camshaft control .

Microcomputer-controlled systems today are required to perform self-diagnosis of the control unit itself , as well as of the entire system to a certain extent . Motronic system of the future will thus include a diagnostic feature .

An engine-management system should include at least those function described here . The addition of other functions is practical if they can be implemented without the need for a number of additional inputs and outputs . System which use input and output signals different from those used by the Motronic system are not integrated but rather are connected with the Motronic system via interfaces . Typical examples of such systems are the transmission control system and the traction control system which access the ignition and injection system via corresponding interfaces .

4.      System Configuration

Fig 2-22 is a typical Motronic system which shows the fuel circuit and the acquisition of load and temperature data . The system dose not include the cold-start valve or the thermo-time switch whose function  are performed by the control unit . The auxiliary-air device has been replaced by the idle-speed actuator . In addition to the ignition coil , the ignition section also include the high-volt-age distributor which is normally mounted directly on the camshaft . In contrast to the conventional ignition distributor , the high-voltage distributor only incorporate the high-voltage distributor function . The control unit electronically determines the proper ignition timing as a function of engine speed and load .

5.      Control Unit ( ECU )

      The ECU detects the instantaneous condition of the engine at very short intervals ( milliseconds ) via a number of sensors . The signals output by the sensors are fed to the ECU where input circuits remove any signal interference and convert the signals to a uniform voltage range . An A/D converter then transforms these signals to their signal equivalents . This information is then processed by the microcomputer , which generates output signals . The output stages amplify the low power lever of microcomputer outputs to the lever required by the actuators . All programs and maps are resident in a semiconductor memory . Digital signal level or component tolerance fluctuations . Digital accuracy is governed by word length , quartz-clock frequency constancy and the algorithms used for processing . Analog accuracy is determined by constancy and accuracy of the reference volt-ages , and by the components used in the input circuits . Program configuration must allow for the extreme real-time requirements of the engine : the interval between two ignition pulse in a 6-cylinder engine is only about 3ms at maximum speed . All essential calculation must be performed during this period . In addition to crankshaft-synchronous control processing , the ECU also has to calculate time-synchronous events .Both then functions have to wait if an interrupt occurs .

 

2.6 Engine Cooling

The purpose of the engine’s cooling system is to remove excess heat from the engine , to keep the engine operation at its most efficient temperature , and to get the engine up to the correct temperature as soon as possible after staring .Ideally , the cooling system keeps the engine running at its most efficient temperature no matter what the operation are .

There are two types of cooling systems ; liquid cooling and air cooling . Most auto engines are cooled by the liquid type ; air cooling is used more frequently for airplanes , motorcycles and lawnmowers .

2.6.1 Liquid Cooling 

This system consists of several interdependent parts that function together to maintain proper engine temperature . The cooling system of a water –cooled engine consists of the engine’s water jacket , a thermostat , a water pump , radiator and radiator cap , a cooling fan ( electric or belt-drive) , hoses , and usually an expansion ( overflow ) tank .

To dissipate excess engine heat , the cooling system performs four function :

1)      absorption

2)      circulation

3)      radiation

4)      control

          Absorption occurs as coolant moves through the engine block . Heat energy from the burning fuel in the cylinders passes into the cylinder walls and cylinder head . Liquid coolant circulates through hollow spaces within the engine block and head to absorb the heat from the metal parts of the engine . The hollow spaces are known as the water jacket .

        After absorbing the heat , the hot coolant passes out through the cylinder head and eaters the radiator . As the coolant circulates through the radiator , it gives up its heat to the metal tubes of the radiator . The radiator is made of brass or aluminum , metals that conduct heat well . As air passes through the radiator fins and around the tubes , heat is transferred to air .

        However , if coolant circulated at all times from the engine to radiator , the engine would run very cool on cold days . Remember that chemical reaction , including the burning of the fuel , occur more efficiently at high temperature . Thus , for the engine to operate efficiently , there must be a control mechanism .

        This control system is the thermostat . It regulates hoe much coolant is permitted to flow through the radiator . After you start the engine , it should heat an efficient operating temperature as quickly as possible and maintain that temperature without overheating .

2.7 Engine Lubrication

        The purpose of the lubrication system is to circulate oil through the engine . An engine must have a good lubrication system . Without it , the friction heat from the contact of moving parts would wear the parts and cause power loss . Oil , when placed between two moving parts , separates them with a film . This oil film prevents the parts from rubbing against between each other . This oil film also cushions the parts , giving quieter and smoother engine operating .

Besides lubricating engine parts , oil is also used to :

1)      clean the inside of the engine

2)      help cool the engine

3)      from a seal between the cylinder walls and piston rings .

         Friction between engine components is reduced by :

1)      boundary lubricating – relies on oil being splashed up onto the surfaces .

2)      full film lubricating – an oil film is maintained by forcing the oil between the surfaces by an oil pump .

The system used on a modern engine combines both methods : pistons are lubricated by splash and bearing are pressure fed .

The main parts of a lubrication system are : pump , main oil gallery , relief valve and filters .

2.7.1 Pump

In most cars , the oil pump is in the crankcase above the sump . It draws oil through a tube that extends downward oil through a tube that extends downward into the sump .This tube has a filter screen over its bottom end . The screen keeps large pieces of sludge and dirt from being drawn into the pump . The tube may be hinged on the pump end so that it can move up and down as the oil level change in the sump . Thus , the pump always draws oil from the top of the sump , not from the bottom where the dirt and sludge tend to settle . Modern cars use one of two common types of oil pump – the gear – type and the rotor – type .

 2.7.2 Main Oil Gallery and Relief Valve

This runs the length of the engine . Drilling from the gallery allow oil to be supplied to the bearing surfaces .

Generally fitted in the gallery , this spring loaded valves opens when the pressure reaches the maximum allowed .

 2.7.3 Filters

           Besides the gauze screen that prevents pieces of the metal entering the pump there is an external filter which can be renewed periodically . A modern engine uses a full – flow filtering system . In this system , the output of the oil pump flows through the oil filter before each trip through the engine . When an engine runs at 3000r/min its entire five quarts of oil pass through the filter at least once every minutes . Thus the oil filter ensures that only clean oil enters the engine .

New Words

 

Cushion  缓冲,减振

Relief valve  溢流阀

Sludge  油泥渣,残渣

Hinge 依。。。。。。。而转移

Gauze screen filter 金属滤网滤清器

Review Question

1.      What is the purpose of the cooling system ?

2.      List the main parts a liquid – cooling system ?

3.      Why is thermostat need is a liquid – cooling system ?

4.      What are the main function of the lubrication system ?

5.      List the main parts of the lubrication system ?

2.8 Exhaust System 

   The exhaust system carries exhaust gases from the engine’s combustion chamber to the atmosphere and reduces , or muffles , engine noise . Exhaust gases leave the engine the engine in a pipe , traveling through a catalytic converter and a muffler before exiting through the tailpipe .

2.9.1The Tailpipe

   The tailpipe is a long metal tube attached to the muffler . It sticks out from under the body of a car , at the rear , in order to discharge the exhaust gases from the muffler of the engine into the air outside the car .

2.8.2 The Muffler

   Exhaust gases leave the engine under extremely high pressure . If these gases escaped directly from the engine , the noise would be tremendous . For the reason , the exhaust manifold sends the gases to a muffler where they go through metal plates , or tubes , with a series of holes . The pressure of the gases is reduced when they pass through the muffler , so they go out of the tailpipe quietly .

The muffler is made of metal and is located underneath the body a car . it’s connected between the tailpipe and the catalytic converter .

There are two types of muffler design . One type uses several baffled chambers to reduce noise . The other type sends the gases straight through perforate pipe wrapped in metal or fiberglass This type of muffler is designed for the purpose of reducing backpressure and , consequently , makes slightly more noise .

The muffler quests the noise of the exhaust by “ muffling ” the sound waves creates by the opening and closing of the exhaust valves . When an exhaust valve opens , it discharge the burned gases at high pressures into exhaust pipe , which is at low pressure . This type of action creates sound waves that travel through the flowing gas , moving much faster than the gas itself ( up to1400 m. p . h . ) that the muffler must silence . It generally does this by converting the sound wave energy into heat by pasting the exhaust gas and through perforated chambers of varied sizes . Passing into the perforation and reflectors within the chamber forces the sound waves to dissipate their energy .

Car manufacturers are experimenting with an electronic muffler , which uses sensors to monitor the sound waves of the exhaust noise . The sound wave data are sent to a computer that controls speaker near the tailpipe . The system generates sound waves 180 degrees of phase with the engine noise . The sound waves from the electronic muffler collide with the exhaust sound waves and they cancel each other out , leaving only low – lever heat to emerge from the tailpipe .

2.8.3 The Exhaust Manifold And Header

 The exhaust manifold , usually constructed of cast iron , is a pipe that conducts the exhaust gases from the combustion chambers to the exhaust pipe . It has smooth cures in it for improving the flow of exhaust .

 The exhaust manifold is bolted to the cylinder head , and has entrances for the air that is injected into it . It is usually is located under the intake manifold .

 A header is a different type of manifold , it is made of separate equal – length tubes .

2.8.4 Manifold to Exhaust Pipe Gasket

 There are several types of that connect the exhaust pipe to manifold .

 One is a flat surface gasket . Another type uses a ball and socket with spring to maintain pressure . This type allows some flexibility without breakage of the seal or the manifold . A third type is the full ball connector type , which also allows a little flexibility .

2.8.5 Exhaust Pipe Hangers

 Hangers hold the exhaust system in place . They give the system flexibility and reduce the noise lever . The hanger system consists of rubber rings , tubes and clamps .

2.8.6 Exhaust pipe

 The exhaust pipe is the bent – up or convoluted pipes underneath a car . Some are shaped to go over the rear axle allowing the rear axle to move up and down without bumping into the exhaust pipe ; some are shaped to bend around under the floor of the car , connecting the catalytic converter with the muffler . Exhaust pipes are usually made out of stainless steel , since the high heat conditions involved with the muffler system will cause rust .

2.8.7 Dual Exhaust System

 The advantage of a dual exhaust system is that the engine exhausts more freely ,thereby lowering the backpressure , which is inherent in an exhaust system . With a dual exhaust system , a sizable increasing in engine horsepower can be obtained because the “ breathing ” capacity of the engine is improved , leaving less exhaust gases in the engine at the end of each exhaust stroke . This , in turn , leaves more room for en extra intake of the air – fuel mixture .

New Word

Tremendous 巨大的,极大的

Perforated 多孔的

Muffler 消音器

Tailpipe 尾管

Hanger 吊耳,吊钩

Manifold 歧管

Fiberglass 玻璃纤维

Speaker 扬声器

Header 集气管                                                           

Baffled 用挡板隔开的

Convoluted 回旋状的

Flat 平面

Sizable 相当大的,大小相当的

Room 空间

Bump 碰撞

Catalytic converter 催化转换器

Backpressure 背压

2.9The Ignition System

     There are many different ignition systems . Most of these systems can be placed into one of three distinct : the conventional breaker point type ignition systems ( in use since the early 1900s ) ; the electronic ignition systems ( popular since the mid 70s ) ; and the distributorless ignition system ( introduces in the mid 80s ) .

The automotive ignition system has two basic functions ; it must control the spark and timing of the spark plug firing to match varying engine requirements , and it must increase battery voltage to a point where it will overcome the resistance offered by the spark plug gap and fire the plug .

2.9.1 Point – Type Ignition System

An automotive ignition system is divided into two electrical circuits – the primary and secondary circuits . The primary circuit carries low voltage . This circuit operates only on battery current and is controlled by the breaker points and the ignition switch . The secondary circuit coil ( commonly called the coil wire ) , the distributor cap the distributor rotor , the spark plug leads and the spark plugs .

The distributor is the controlling element of the system . It switches the primary current on and off and distributes the current to the proper spark plug each time a spark is needed . The distributor is a stationary housing surrounding a rotating shaft . The shaft is driven at one – half engine speed by the engine’s camshaft through the distributor drive gears . A cam near the top of the distributor shaft has on lobe for each cylinder of the engine . The cam operates the contact points , which are mounted on a plate within the distributor housing .

A rotor is attached to the top of  the distributor shaft . When the distributor cap is in place , a spring – loaded piece of metal in the center of the cap makes contact with a metal strip on top of the rotor . The outer end of the rotor passes very close to the contacts connected to the spark plug leads around the outside of the distributor cap .

The coil is the heart of the ignition system . Essentially , it is nothing more than a transformer which takes the relatively low voltage ( 12 volts ) available from the battery and increasing it to a point where it will fire the plug as much as 40000 volts . The term “coil” is perhaps a misnomer since there are actually two coils of wire wound about an iron cone . These coils are insulated from each other and the whole assembly is enclosed in an oil – filled case . The primary coil , which consists of relatively few turns of heavy wire , is connected to the two primary terminals located on top of the coil . The secondary coil consists of many turns of fine wire. It is connected to the high – tension connection on top of the coil ( the tower into which the coil wire from the distributor is plugged ) .

Under normal operating conditions , power from the battery is fed through a resistor or resistance wire to the primary circuit of the coil and is then grounded through the ignition points in the distributor ( the points are closed ) . Energizing the coil primary circuit with battery voltage produces current flow through the primary winding , which induces a very large , intense magnetic filed . This magnetic filed remains as long as current flows and the points remain closed .

As the distributor cam rotates , the points are pushed apart , breaking the primary circuit and stopping the flow of current . Interrupting the flow of primary current causes the magnetic filed to collapse . Just as current flowing through a wire produces a magnetic filed , moving a magnetic filed across a wire will produce a current . As the magnetic filed collapses , its lines of wire in the secondary winding , inducing a current in them . Since there are many more turns of wire in the secondary windings , the voltage from the primary winding is magnified considerably up to 40000volts .

The voltage from the coil secondary winding flows through the coil high – tension lead to the center of the distributor cap , where it is distributed by the rotor to one of the outer terminals in the cap . From there , it flows through the spark plug lead to the spark plug . This process occurs in a split second and is repeated every time the points open and close , which is up to 1500 times a minute in a 4 – cylinder engine at idle .

2.9.2 Electronic Ignition Systems

The need for higher mileage , reduced emissions and greater reliability has led to the development of the electronic ignition system . These system generate a much stronger spark , which is needed to ignite leaner fuel Breaker point system needed a resistor to reduce the operating voltage of the primary circuit in order to prolong the life of the points . The primary circuit of the electronic ignition system operates on full battery voltage , which helps to develop a stronger spark . Spark plug gaps have winded due to the ability of the increased voltage to jump the large gap . Cleaner combustion and less deposits have led to longer spark plug life .

On some systems , the ignition coil has moved inside the distributor cap . This system is said to have an internal coil opposed to the complicated external .

Electronic ignition systems are not as complicated as they may first appear . In fact , they differ only slightly from conventional point ignition systems . Like conventional ignition systems , electronic systems have two circuits : a primary circuit and a secondary circuit . The entire secondary circuit is the same as in a conventional ignition system . In addition , the section of the primary circuit from the battery to the battery terminal at the coil is the same as in a conventional ignition system .

Electronic ignition system differ from conventional ignition system in the distributor component area . Instead of a distributor cam , breaker plate , points , and condenser , an electronic ignition system has an armature ( called by various names such as a trigger wheel , redactor , etc . ) , a pickup coil ( stator , sensor , etc. ) , and an electronic module .

2.9.3 Distributorless Ignition System ( DIS )

The third type of ignition system is the distributorless ignition . The spark plugs are fired directly from the coils . The spark timing is controlled by an Ignition Control Unit (      ICU ) and the Engine Control Unit ( ECU ) . The distributorless ignition system may have one coil per cylinder , or one coil for each pair of cylinders .

Some popular systems use one ignition coil per two cylinders . This type of system is often known as the waste spark distribution method . In this system , each cylinder is paired with the cylinder opposite it in the firing order ( usually 1 – 4 – 2 – 3 on 4 – cylinder engines or 1 – 4 – 2 – 5 – 3 – 6 on V6 engines ) . The ends of each coil secondary leads are attached to spark plugs for the paired opposites . These two plugs are on companion cylinder , cylinders that are at Top Dead Center ( TDC ) at the sane time . But , they are paired opposites , because they are always at opposing ends of the 4 – stroke engine cycle . When one is at TDC of the compression stroke , the other is at TDC of the exhaust stroke . The one that is on compression is said to be the event cylinder and one on the exhaust stroke , the waste cylinder . When the coil discharges , both plugs fire at the same time to complete the series circuit .

Since the polarity of the primary and the secondary windings are fixed , one plug always fires in a forward direction and the other in reverse . This is different than a conventional system firing all plugs the same direction each time . Because of the demand for additional energy ; the coil design , saturation time and primary current flow are also different . This redesign of the system allows higher energy to be available from the distributorless coils , greater than 40 kilovolts at the rpm ranges .

The distributorless ignition system uses either a magnetic crankshaft sensor , camshaft position sensor , or both , to determine crankshaft position and engine speed . This signal is sent to the ignition control module or engine control module , which then energizes the appropriate coil .

The advantage of no distributor , in theory , is :

1.      No timing adjustments .

2.      No distributor cap and rotor .

3.      No moving parts to wear out .

4.      No distributor to accumulate moisture and cause staring problems .

5.      No distributor to drive thus providing less engine drag .

The major components of a distributorless ignition are :

1.      ECU or Engine Control Unit .

2.      ICU or Ignition Control Unit .

3.      Magnetic Triggering Device such as the Crankshaft Position Sensor and the Camshaft position Sensor .

4.      Coil Pack .

New Words

Distributor 分电器

Condenser 电容器

Wear 磨损

Saturation 磁饱和

Series 串联

Wind 缠绕

Coil ( 点火 )线圈

Transformer 变压器

Turn 匝数

Term 术语, 学期,条件

Breaker point type ignition system 触点型点火系统

Distributorless ignition system 无分电器点火系统

Primary and secondary circuits 初级和次级电路

Magnetic filed 磁场

High tension lead 高压导线

Distributor rotor 分火头

Spark plug 火花塞

Chaper3 Chassis

3.1clutch

  The engine produces the power to drive the vehicle . The drive line or drive train transfer the power of the engine to the wheels . The drive train consists of the parts from the back of the flywheel to the wheels . These parts include the clutch , the transmission ,the drive shaft ,and the final drive assembly .

  The clutch which includes the flywheel ,clutch disc , pressure plate , springs , pressure plate cover and the linkage necessary to operate the clutch is a rotating mechanism between the engine and the transmission . It operates through friction which comes from contact between the parts . That is the reason why the clutch is called a friction mechanism . After engagement, the clutch must continue to transmit all engine torque to transmission depending on the friction without slippage . The clutch is also used to disengage the engine from the drive train whenever the gears in the transmission are being shifted from gear ratio to another .

   To start the engine or shift the gears , the driver has to depress the clutch pedal with the purpose of disengagement the transmission from the engine . At that time , the driven members connected to the transmission input shaft are either stationary or rotating at a speed that is slower of faster than the driving members connected to engine crankshaft . There is no spring pressure on the clutch assembly parts . So there is no friction between the driving members and driven members . As the driver lets loose the clutch pedal , spring pressure increase on the clutch parts . Friction between the parts also increases . The pressure exerted by the springs on the driven members is controlled by the driver through the clutch pedal and linkage . The positive engagement of the driving and driven members is made possible the friction between the surfaces of the members . When full spring pressure is applied , the speed of the driving and driven members should be the same . At the moment , the clutch must act as a coupling device and transmit all engine power to the transmission , without slipping .

   However , the transmission should be engaged to the engine gradually in order to operate the car smoothly and minimize torsional shock on the drive train because an engine at idle just develop little power . Otherwise , the driving members are connected with the driven members too quickly and the engine would be stalled .

   The flywheel is a major part of the clutch . The flywheel mounts to the engine’s crankshaft and transmits engine torque to the clutch assembly . The flywheel , when coupled with the clutch disc and pressure plate makes and breaks the flow of power the engine to the transmission .

   The flywheel provides a mounting location for the clutch assembly as well . When the clutch is applied , the flywheel transfers engine torque to the clutch disc . Because of its weight , the flywheel helps to smooth engine operation . The flywheel also has a large ring gear at its outer edge , which engages with a pinion gear on the starter motor during engine cranking .

   The clutch disc fits between the flywheel and the pressure plate . The clutch disc has a splined hub that fits over splines on the transmission input shaft . A splined hub has grooves that match splines on the shaft . These splines fit in the grooves . Thus , the two parts held together . However , back – and – forth movement of the disc on the shaft is possible . Attached to the input shaft , the disc turns at the speed of the shaft .

The clutch pressure plate is generally made of cast iron . It is round and about the same diameter as the clutch disc . One side of the pressure plate is machined smooth . This side will press the clutch disc facing are against the flywheel . The outer side has shapes to facilitate attachment of spring and release mechanism . The two primary types of pressure plate assemblies are coil spring assembly and diaphragm spring .

In a coil spring clutch the pressure plate is backed by a number of coil springs and housed with them in a pressed – steed cover bolted to the flywheel . The spring push against the cover . Neither the driven plate nor the pressure plate is connected rigidly to the flywheel and both can move either towards it o away . When the clutch pedal is depressed a thrust pad riding on a carbon or ball thrust bearing is forced towards the flywheel . Levers pivoted so that they engage with the thrust pad at one end and the pressure plate tat the other end pull the pressure plate back against its springs . This releases pressure on the driven plate disconnecting the gearbox from the engine .

Diaphragm spring pressure plate assemblies are widely used in most modern cars . The diaphragm spring is a single thin sheet of metal which yields when pressure is applied to it . When pressure is removed the metal spring back to its original shape . The center portion of the diaphragm spring is slit into numerous fingers that act as release levers . When the clutch assembly rotates with the engine these weights are flung outwards by centrifugal plate and cause the levers to press against the pressure plate . During disengagement of the clutch the fingers are moved forward by the release bearing . The spring pivots over the fulcrum ring and its outer rim moves away from the flywheel . The retracting spring pulls the pressure plate away from the clutch plate thus disengaging the clutch .

When engaged the release bearing and the fingers of the diaphragm spring move towards the transmission . As the diaphragm pivots over the pivot ring its outer rim forces the pressure plate against the clutch disc so that the clutch plate is engaged to flywheel .

The advantages of a diaphragm type pressure plate assembly are its compactness , lower weight , fewer moving parts , less effort to engage , reduces rotational imbalance by providing a balanced force around the pressure plate and less chances of clutch slippage .

The clutch pedal is connected to the disengagement mechanism either by a cable or , more commonly , by a hydraulic system . Either way , pushing the pedal down operates the disengagement mechanism which puts pressure on the fingers of the clutch diaphragm via a release bearing and causes the diaphragm to release the clutch plate . With a hydraulic mechanism , the clutch pedal arm operates a piston in the clutch master cylinder . This forces hydraulic fluid through a pipe to the cutch release cylinder where another operates the clutch disengagement mechanism by a cable .

The other parts including the clutch fork , release bearing , bell – housing , bell housing cover , and pilot bushing are needed to couple and uncouple the transmission . The clutch fork , which connects to the linkage , actually operates the clutch . The release bearing fits between the clutch fork and the pressure plate assembly . The bell housing covers the clutch assembly . The bell housing cover fastens to the bottom of the bell housing . This removable cover allows a mechanic to inspect the clutch without removing the transmission and bell housing . A pilot bushing fits into the back of the crankshaft and holds the transmission input shaft .

New Word

Clutch 离合器

Flywheel 飞轮

Stationary 静止的,不动的,不变的,固定的

Torsional 扭转的,扭力的

Crankshaft 曲轴,机轴

Stall 停止,停转,迟延

Mount 安放,设置,装上

Groove 凹槽,沟

Lever 杆,杠杆,控制杆

Pivot 支点

Gearbox 变速器

Retract 缩回,缩进,收回,

Compactness 紧密,简洁

Drive train 传动系

Drive shaft 传动轴

Pressure plate 压盘

Clutch disc 离合器从动盘,离合器摩擦片

Gear ratio 传动比

Release bearing 分离轴承

Release fork 分离拨叉

Master cylinder 主缸

Clutch pedal 离合器踏板

Coupling device 结合装置

At idle 空转。空闲

Couple with 与。。。。。。。结合

Ring gear 外形齿轮,齿圈

Pinion gear 小齿轮

Splined hub 花键毂

Cast iron 铸铁

Diaphragm spring 膜片弹簧

Thrust pad 止推片

Engage with 结合

Centrifugal force 离心力

Fulcrum ring 支撑环

Pilot bushing 导轴衬

Bell housing 钟形外壳,离合器壳

3.2 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

The modern automatic transmission is by far , the most complicated mechanical component in today’s automobile . It is a type of transmission that sifts itself . A fluid coupling or torque converter is used instead of a manually operated clutch to connect the transmission to the engine .

  There are two basic types of automatic transmission based on whether the vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive . On a rear wheel drive car , the transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside the gas pedal position . A drive shaft connects the transmission to the final drive which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheels . Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine , through the torque converter , then trough the transmission and drive shaft until it reaches the final drive where it is split and sent to the two rear transmission .

  On a front wheel drive car , the transmission is usually combined with the final drive to form what is called a transaxle . The engine on a front wheel drive car is usually mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the engine facing the rear of the car . Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to front wheels . In this example , power floes from the engine , through the torque converter to a larger chain that sends the power through a 180 degree turn to the transmission that is along side the engine . From there , the power is routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two front wheels through the drive axles .

  There are a number of other arrangements including front drive vehicles where the engine is mounted front to back instead of sideways and there are other systems that drive all four wheels but the two systems described here are by far the most popular . A much less popular rear and is connected by a drive shaft to the torque converter which is still mounted on the engine . This system is found on the new Corvette and is used in order to balance the weight evenly between the front and rear wheels for improved performance and handling . Another rear drive system mounts everything , the engine , transmission and final drive in the rear . This rear engine arrangement is popular on the Porsche.

  The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear sets , the hydraulic system, seals and gaskets , the torque converter , the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer controls that has evolved over the years into what many mechanical inclined individuals consider to be an art from . Here try to used simple , generic explanation where possible to describe these systems .

3.2.1  Planetary gear sets

   Automatic transmission contain many gears in various combinations . In a manual transmission , gears slide along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another , engaging various sizes gears as required in order to provide the correct gear ratio . In an automatic transmission , how ever , the gears are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears . This is accomplished through the use of planetary gear sets .

  The basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear , a ring and two or more planet gears , all remaining in constant mesh . The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier which allows the gears to spin on shafts called “pinions” which are attached to the carrier .

  One example of a way that this system can be used is by connecting the ring gear to the input shaft coming from the engine , connecting the planet carrier to the output shaft , and locking the sun gear so that it can’t move . In this scenario , when we turn the ring gear , the planets will “walk” along the sun gear ( which is held stationary ) causing the planet carrier to turn the output shaft in the same direction as the input shaft but at a slower speed causing gear reduction ( similar to a car in first gear ) .

  If we unlock the sun gear and lock any two elements together , this will cause all three elements to turn at the same speed so that to output shaft will turn at the same rate of speed as the input shaft . This is like a car that is third or high gear . Another way we can use a planetary gear set is by locking the planet carrier from moving , then applying power to the ring gear which will cause the sun gear to turn in opposite direction giving us reverse gear .

  The illustration in Figure shows how the simple system described above would look in an actual transmission . The input shaft is connected to the ring gear , the output shaft is connected to the planet carrier which is also connected to a “Multi-disk” clutch pack . The sun gear is connected to drum which is also connected to the other half of the clutch pack . Surrounding the outside of the drum is a band that can be tightened around the drum when required to prevent the drum with the attached sun gear from turning .

   The clutch pack is used , in this instance , to lock the planet carrier with the sun gear forcing both to turn at the same speed . If both the clutch pack and the band were released , the system would be in neutral . Turning the input shaft would turn the planet gears against the sun gear , but since noting is holding the sun gear , it will just spin free and have no effect on the output shaft . To place the unit in first gear , the band is applied to hold the sun gear from moving . To shift from first to high gear , the band is released and the clutch is applied causing the output shaft to turn at the same speed as the input shaft .

   Many more combinations are possible using two or more planetary sets connected in various way to provide the different forward speeds and reverse that are found in modern automatic transmission .

 3.2.2 Clutch pack

  A clutch pack consists of alternating disks that fit inside a clutch drum . Half of the disks are steel and have splines that fit into groves on the inside of the drum . The other half have a friction material bonded to their surface and have splines on the inside edge that fit groves on the outer surface of the adjoining hub . There is a piston inside the drum that is activated by oil pressure at the appropriate time to squeeze the clutch pack together so that the two components become locked and turn as one .

 3.2.3One-way Clutch

A one-way clutch ( also known as a “sprag” clutch ) is a device that will allow a component such as ring gear to turn freely in one direction but not in the other . This effect is just like that bicycle , where the pedals will turn the wheel when pedaling forward , but will spin free when pedaling backward .

  A common place where a one-way clutch is used is in first gear when the shifter is in the drive position . When you begin to accelerate from a stop , the transmission starts out in first gear . But have you ever noticed what happens if you release the gas while it is still in first gear ? The vehicle continues to coast as if you were in neutral . Now , shift into Low gear instead of Drive . When you let go of the gas in this case , you will feel the engine slow you down just like a standard shift car . The reason for this is that in Drive , one-way clutch is used whereas in Low , a clutch pack or a band is used .

 3.2.4Torque Converter

  On automatic transmission , the torque converter takes the place of the clutch found on standard shift vehicles . It is there to allow the engine to continue running when the vehicle comes to a stop . The principle behind a torque converter is like taking a fan that is plugged into the wall and blowing air into another fan which is unplugged . If you grab the blade on the unplugged fan , you are able to hold it from turning but as soon as you let go , it will begin to speed up until it comes close to speed of the powered fan . The difference with a torque converter is that instead of using air it used oil or transmission fluid , to be more precise .

   A torque converter is a lager doughnut shaped device that is mounted between the engine and the transmission . It consists of three internal elements that work together to transmit power to the transmission . The three elements of the torque converter are the pump , the Turbine , and the Stator . The pump is mounted directly to the torque housing which in turn is bolted directly to the engine’s crankshaft and turns at engine speed . The turbine is inside the housing and is connected directly to the input shaft of the transmission providing power to move the vehicle . The stator is mounted to a one-way clutch so that it can spin freely in one direction but not in the other . Each of the three elements has fins mounted in them to precisely direct the flow of oil through the converter .

  With the engine running , transmission fluid is pulled into the pump section and is pushed outward by centrifugal force until it reaches the turbine section which stars it running . The fluid continues in a circular motion back towards the center of the turbine where it enters the stator . If the turbine is moving considerably slower than the pump , the fluid will make contact with the front of the stator fins which push the stator into the one way clutch and prevent it from turning . With the stator stopped , the fluid is directed by the stator fins to re-enter the pump at a “help” angle providing a torque increase . As the speed of the turbine catches up with the pump , the fluid starts hitting the stator blades on the back-side causing the stator to turn in the same direction as the pump and turbine . As the speed increase , all three elements begin to turn at approximately the same speed . Sine the ‘80s , in order to improve fuel economy , torque converters have been equipped with a lockup clutch which locks the turbine to the pump as the vehicle reaches approximately 40-50 mph. This lockup is controlled by computer and usually won’t engage unless the transmission is in 3rd or 4th gear .

3.2.5 Hydraulic System

   The  hydraulic system is a complex maze of passage and tubes that sends that sends transmission fluid and under pressure to all parts of the transmission and torque converter and . Transmission fluid serves a number of purpose including : shift control ,general lubrication and transmission cooling . Unlike the engine ,which uses oil primary for lubrication ,every aspect of a transmission ‘s function is dependant on a constant supply of fluid is send pressure . In order to keep the transmission at normal operating temperature , a portion of the fluid is send to through one of two steel tubes to a special chamber that is submerged in anti-freeze in the radiator . Fluid passing through this chamber is cooled and then returned to the transmission through the other steel tube . A typical transmission has an avenge of ten quarts of fluid between the transmission , torque converter , and cooler tank , In fact , most of the components of a transmission are constantly submerged in fluid including the clutch packs and bands . The friction surfaces on these parts are designed to operate properly only when they are submerged in oil .

3.2.6 Oil Pump

   The transmission oil pump ( not to confused with the pump element inside the torque converter ) is responsible for producing all the oil pressure that is required in the transmission . The oil pump is mounted to front of the transmission case and is directly connected to a flange on  the engine crankshaft , the pump will produce pressure whenever the engine is running as there is a sufficient amount of transmission fluid available . The oil enters the pump through a filter that is located at bottom of the transmission oil pan and travels up a pickup tube directly to the oil pump . The oil is then sent , under pressure to the pressure regulator , the valve body and the rest of the components , as required .

   3.2.7 Valve Body

  The valve body is the control center of the automatic transmission . It contains a maze of channels and passages that direct hydraulic fluid to the numerous valves which when activate the appropriate clutch pack of band servo to smoothly shift to the appropriate gear for each driving situation . Each of the many valves in the valve body has a specific purpose and is named for that function . For example the 2-3 shift valve activates the 2nd gear up-shift or the 3-2 shift timing valve which determines when a downshift should occur .

  The most important valve and the one that you have direct control over is the manual valve. The manual valve is directly connected to the gear shift handle and covers and uncovers various passages depending on what position the gear shift is paced in . When you place the gear shift in Drive , for instance , the manual valve directs fluid to the clutch pack ( s ) that activates 1st gear . It also sets up to monitor vehicle speed and throttle position so that it can determine the optimal time and the force for the 1-2 shift . On computer controlled transmission , you will also have electrical solenoids that are mounted in the valve body to direct fluid to the appropriate clutch packs or bands under computer control to more precisely control shift points .

3.2.8 Computer Controls

   The computer uses sensors on the engine and transmission to detect such things as throttle position , vehicle speed , engine speed , engine load , stop light switch position , etc . to control exact shift points as well as how soft or firm the shift should be . Some computerized transmission even learn your driving style and constantly adapt to it so that every shift is timed precisely when you would need it .

  Because of computer controls , sports models are coming out with the ability to take manual control of the transmission as through it were a stick shift lever through a special gate , then tapping it in one direction or the other in order to up-shift at will . The computer monitors this activity to make sure that the driver dose not select a gear that could over speed the engine and damage it .

  Another advantage to these “ smart” transmission is that they have a self diagnostic mode which can detect a problem early on and warn you with an indicator light on the dash . A technician can then plug test equipment in and retrieve a list of trouble codes that will help pinpoint where the problem is .

  3.2.9 Seals and Gaskets

  An automatic transmission has many seals and gaskets to control the flow of hydraulic fluid and to keep it from leaking out . There are two main external seals : the front seal and the rear seal . The front seal seals the point where the torque converter mounts to the transmission case . This seal allows fluid to freely move from the converter to the transmission but keeps the fluid from leaking out . The rear seal keeps fluid from leaking past the output shaft .

  A seal is usually made of rubber ( similar to the rubber in a windshield wiper blade ) and is used to keep oil from leaking past a moving part such as a spinning shaft . In some cases , the rubber is assisted by a spring that holds he rubber in close contact with the spinning shaft .

  A gasket is a type of seal used to seal two stationary parts that are fasted together . Some common gasket materials are : paper , cork , rubber , silicone and soft metal .

  Aside from the main seals , there are also a number of other seals and gasket that vary from transmission to transmission . A common example is the rubber O-ring that seals the shaft for the shift control lever . This is the shaft that you move when you manipulate the gear shifter . Another example that is common to most transmission is the oil pan gasket . In fact , seals are required anywhere that a device needs to pass through the transmission case with each one being a potential source for leaks .

New Words

 Hump 圆形隆起

Transaxle 变速器驱动桥

Tuck 把一端塞进

Gasket 垫圈

Governor 油压调节器

Modulator 调制器

Spline 花键

Bond 结合

Strap 带,皮带

Doughnut 圆环图

Stator 定子,固定片

Maze 曲径

Submerge 浸没,淹没

Quart 夸脱

Downshift 调低速档

Optimal 最佳的

Solenoid 螺线管

Retrieve 重新得到

Cork 塞住

Manipulate 操作,使用

Fluid coupling 液力偶合器

Torque converter 液力变矩器

Planetary converter 行星齿轮组

Throttle cable 节气门拉线

Ring gear 齿圈

High gear 高速档

Reverse gear 倒档

Sprag clutch 锲块式单向离合器

Centrifugal force 离心力

Gear up 促进

Stick shift 顶杆档

Vacuum hose 真空软管

Throttle valve 节气阀

Leak out 泄露

Windshield wiper 风窗玻璃刮水器

  3.3 The Differential System

   When a vehicle is cornered the inner wheel moves through a shorter distance than the outer wheel . This means that the inner wheel must slow down and the outer wheel must speed up . During this period it is desirable that each driving maintains its driving action . The differential performs these two tasks . The principle of the bevel type differential can be seen if the unit is considered as two discs and a lever .

  When the vehicle is traveling straight , the lever will divide the diving force equally and both discs will move the same amount .

  When the vehicle corners , the driving will still be divided equally but the inner disc will now move through a smaller distance ;this will cause the lever to pivot about its center which will prize forward the outer disc to give it a greater movement . This action shows that the torque applied to each driving wheel is always equal – hence the differential is sometimes called a torque equalizer .

New Word

Desirable 想知道的

Disc 盘片,轮盘,轮圈

Prize 撬动,推动

Equalizer 平衡装置

3.4 Brake System

  The breaking system is the most important system in cars . If the brakes fail , the result can be disastrous . Brakes are actually energy conversion devices , which convert the kinetic energy ( momentum ) of the vehicle into thermal ( heat ) . When stepping on the brakes , the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion . The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes .

  The brake system is composed of the following basic components : the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood , and is directly connected to the brake pedal , converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure . Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel . Brake fluid , specially designed to work in extreme condition , fills the system . “Shoes” and “Pads” are pushed by the salve cylinders to contact the “drum” and “rotors” thus causing drag , which ( hopefully ) slows the car .

  The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder .

  Stepping on the brake pedal , a plunger is actually been pushing against in the master cylinder which forces hydraulic oil ( brake fluid ) through a series of tubes and hoses to the braking unit at each wheel . Since hydraulic fluid ( or any fluid for that matter ) cannot be compressed , pushing fluid through a pipe is just like pushing a steel bar through pipe . Unlike a steel bar , however , fluid can be directed through many twists and turns on its way to its destination , arriving with the exact same motion and pressure that it started with . It is very important that the fluid is pure liquid and that there are no air bubbles in it . Air can compress , which causes a sponginess to the pedal and severely reduced braking efficiency . If air is suspected , then the system must be bled to remove the air . There are “bleeder screws” at each wheel and caliper for this purpose .

  On a disk brakes , the fluid from the master cylinder is forced into a caliper where it pressure against a piston . The piton , in-turn , squeezes two brake pads against the disk ( rotor ) which is attached to the wheel , forcing it to slow down or stop . This process is similar to the wheel ,causing the wheel to stop . In either case , the friction surface of the pads on a disk brake system , on the shoes on a drum brake convert the forward motion of the vehicle into heat . Heat is what causes the friction surfaces ( lining ) of the pads and shoes to eventually wear out and require replacement .

  Brake fluid is a special oil that has specifics properties . It is designed to withstand cold temperatures without thickening as well as very high temperatures without boiling . ( If the brake fluid should boil , it will cause you to have a spongy pedal and the car will be hard to stop ) .

The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder . Most cars today have a transparent reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover . The brake fluid lever will drop slightly as the brake pads wear . This is a normal condition and no cause for concern . If the lever drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full , have your brakes checked as soon as possible . Keep the reservoir covered expect for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a can of brake fluid uncovered . Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point . Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point .

The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses . Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility , such as at the front wheels , which move up and down as well as steer . The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at attachment points . If a steel line requires a repair , the best procedure is to replace the complete line . If this is nit practical , a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair . You must never use brass “compression” fittings or copper tubing repair a brake system . They are dangerous and illegal .

 3.4.1 Other Components in the Hydraulic System

 Proportioning Valve or Equalizer Valve

 These valves are mounted between the master cylinder and the rear wheels . They are designed to adjust the pressure between the front and the rear brakes depending on how hard you are stopping . The shorter you stop , the more of the vehicle’s weight is transferred to the front wheels , in some cases , causing the rear to lift and the front to dive . These valves are designed to direct more pressure to the front and less pressure to the harder you stop . This minimizes the chance of premature lockup at the rear wheels .

 Pressure Differential Valve

This valve is usually mounted just below the master and is responsible for turning the brake warning light on when it detects a malfunction . It measures the pressure from the two sections of the master cylinder and compares them . Since it is mounted ahead of the proportioning or equalizer valve , the two pressure it detects should be equal . If it detects a difference , it means that there is probably a brake fluid leak somewhere in the system .

Combination Valve

 The Combination valve is simply a proportioning valve and a pressure differential valve that is combine into one unit .

 The parking brake system controls the rear brakes through a series of steel cables that are connected to either a hand lever or a foot pedal . The ideal is that the system is fully mechanical and completely bypasses the hydraulic system so that the vehicle can be brought to a stop even if there is a total brake failure .

New Word

Disastrous 灾难性的

Hood 发动机罩

Plunger 活塞,柱塞

Sponginess 轻软有弹性的

Malfunction 故障

Bypass 设旁路,与会

Corkscrew 活塞推杆

Inoperative 不起作用的

Booster 调压器,助力器

Slam 砰地踏下

Screech 发出尖锐的声音

Thumping 极大的

Momentarily 即刻

Thermal energy 热能

Master cylinder 制动主缸

Brake pedal 制动踏板

Brake hose 制动软管

Salve cylinder 轮缸

Drum brake 鼓式制动器

Brake shoe 制动蹄

Bleeder screw 放气螺钉

Spongy pedal 踏板发软

Panic stop 紧急停车,紧急制动

Friction lining 摩擦衬片

Proportioning valve 比列阀

Equalizer valve 平衡阀

Pressure differential valve 差压阀

Combination valve 组合阀

3.5 Steering System

 3.5.1Basic Parts of Steering System

   The steering converts the steering –wheel rotary motion into a turn motion of the steered wheels of the vehicle .

   The basic steering system in most cars is the same . The steering gear of steering box is the heart of the steering system .This is usually next to the engine . A shaft extends from the back of the steering gear . This shaft is connected to the steering column or steering shaft . The steering wheel is at the top of the steering column . Another shaft comes from the bottom of the steering gear . This shaft connects to the arms , rods , and links . This parts assembly , called the steering linkage , connects the steering gear to the parts at the wheels . The wheels and tires mount to the steering knuckles , As shown in fig , the knuckles are pivoted at the top and bottom . Thus , the wheels and rites can turn from side top side .

   While the steering system may look complicated , it works quite simply . When a driver drives a car straight down the road , the steering gear is centered . The gear holds the linkage centered so that the wheels and tires point straight ahead . When the driver turns the steering wheel , the steering shaft rotates and the steering gear moves toward that side . The shaft coming out the bottom of the steering gear turns , as well . When the shaft turns , it pulls the linkage to one side and makes the steering knuckles turn slightly about their pivot points . Thus , the steering knuckle , spindle , wheels , and tires  turn to one side , causing the car to turn .

  The type of steering layout depends on the suspension system . The beam axle used on heavy commercial vehicle has a king pin fitted at each end of the axle and this pin is the pivot which allows the wheels to be steered . Cars have independent suspension and this system has ball joints to allow for wheel movement .

New Word

Steering box 转向器

Steering column 转向柱管

Steering linkage 转向传动机构

Steering knuckle 转向节

King pin 主销

Track rod 转向杆

Drop arm 摇臂

Stub axle 转向轴

Turn about 绕…….转动

Spindle 转向节(轴端)

Swivel joint 转向节

 Types of Steering System

   A steering box must have the following qualities :

1) no play in the straight-ahead position

2)low friction , resulting in high efficiency

3)high rigidity ,

4 readjustability

  For these reasons , these are several different types of steering gears . However , there are only two types of steering systems : manual steering systems and power steering systems . In the manual type , the driver dose all the work of turning the steering wheel , steering gear , wheels and tires . In the power , hydraulic fluid assists the operation so that driver effort is reduced .

  On today’s cars , two types of steering systems commonly are used to provide steering control :

1) recirculating ball

2) rack and pinion

 Either of these two types of steering mechanisms may be a fully mechanical systems or a power –assisted system .

   3.6 Front Suspension

 The front suspension is more complicated than the rear suspension . This is because the front wheels must move in several different directions . The wheels must move up and down with the suspension and turn left to right with the steering . Since the car goes in the direction in which the front wheels point , the alignment of the front wheels is important . The wheels must point in just the right direction for the car to move straight down the road and turn properly .

  Modern cars uses an independent front suspension . In this system , each wheel mounts separately to the frame and has its own individual spring and shock absorber . Thus , the wheels act independently of one another . When one wheel hits a bump or hole in the road , the other wheel dose no9t deflect .

 3.6.1Front Wheel Alignment

 As a car moves down the high-way , the suspension moves the front wheels up and down . At the same time , the steering mechanism moves the front wheels , sometimes to make turns and sometimes to make the travel straight . The angular relationship between the wheels and suspension parts during this motion is the front-end geometry . Since the geometry can change the alignment of front wheels is adjustable . You can change the adjustment to compensate for spring sag .

 The alignment of the front wheels affects the operation of a car . Poor alignment ca make a car pull to one side and stop the front wheels from returning to the straight-ahead position after a turn . The three normally adjustable angles are caster , camber , and toe .

 1. Toe-in

  Toe-in specifies the degree to which non-parallel front wheels are closer together at the front than at the rear ; measured at the edges of the rims at the wheel center height . front  non-driven wheels , toe-in is approximately 2-3 mm, and between +3mmand-2 mmfor driven wheels . Toe-in reduces the tendency of the wheels to shimmy .

  2. Kingpin Angle

  The kingpin angle is the inclination of the steering axis relative to the longitudinal plane , measured in the transverse plane of the vehicle . Kingpin angle is 2°-16°and determines the steering aligning torque in conjunction with steering offset and wheel caster . It is measured only with the vehicle loaded .

  3. Camber

  Camber is the inward or outward tilt of the wheel at the top . Inward tilt is negative camber and outward tilt is positive camber . The tilt of the wheel is measured inn degrees and is adjustable on many vehicles .

  4. Caster

  Caster is the forward or backward of spindle or steering the knuckle at the top when viewed from the side . Forward tilt is negative caster and backward tilt positive caster . Caster is measured in the number of degrees that it is forward or backward from true vertical and is adjustable on many vehicle .

New Word

Front wheel alignment 前轮定位

Sag 倾斜

Caster 主销倾角

Camber 车轮倾角

Toe 轮胎缘距

Toe-in 轮胎前束

Kingpin 主销

Align 矫正,对准

Positive camber 车轮外倾角

Negative camber 车轮内倾角

Deviate 偏离

Positive caster 主销正倾角

Negative caster 主销负倾角

  3.6.2 Rear Suspension

  The purpose of the rear suspension is to support the weight of the rear of the vehicle . As with the front suspension , this system contributes to the stability and ride of the vehicle . Rear suspension may be of the solid axle or independent design . Many cars have solid axle rear suspension . Either design may have different kinds of springs , including torsion bars . However , the coil spring and leaf spring types are most popular .

 3.7 Wheels and Tires

  To maintain grip when a vehicle is traveling at speed over a bumpy surface , a wheel must be light in weight . Also it must be strong , cheap to produce , easy to clan and simple to remove .

3.7.1. Wheels

  The structure of the wheel is shown in Fig . The rim is made in one piece , with the wheel center welded or riveted to it . Most modern vehicles use the drop center type . This drop center provides a well for tire bead to drop into for tire removal . A slight hump at the head ledge holds the tire in place should it go flat while driving .

 3.7.2. tires

  Tires are important to your safety and comfort . They transmit the driving and braking power to the road . The car’s directional control , road-ability and riding comfort are greatly dependent on the tires . Tires should be selected and maintained with great care .

  There are two basic types of tires – those with inner tubes and those without ( called “tubeless” tires ) . Most modern automobile tires are of the tubeless type . Truck and bus tire are usually of the tube type .

 Tires are made of several layers of nylon , rayon , or polyester fabric bonded together with belts of rayon , fiberglass , or steel cord . The rubber used in tires is a blend of natural and synthetic rubber .

New Words

Rim 轮缘

Bead 胎边,轮缘

Hump 凸起

Inner tube 内胎

Rayon 人造丝

Polyester 多元脂

Casing plies 帘布层

Rubber chafer 橡胶胎圈 

机械专业英语词汇
    陶瓷 ceramics
    合成纤维 synthetic fibre
    电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion
    车架 automotive chassis
    悬架 suspension
    转向器 redirector
    变速器 speed changer
    板料冲压 sheet metal parts
    孔加工 spot facing machining
    车间 workshop
    工程技术人员 engineer
    气动夹紧 pneuma lock
    数学模型 mathematical model
    画法几何 descriptive geometry
    机械制图 Mechanical drawing
    投影 projection
    视图 view
    剖视图 profile chart 
    标准件 standard component
    零件图 part drawing
    装配图 assembly drawing
    尺寸标注 size marking
    技术要求 technical requirements
    刚度 rigidity
    内力 internal force
    位移 displacement 
    截面 section 
    疲劳极限 fatigue limit 
    断裂 fracture
    塑性变形 plastic distortion
    脆性材料 brittleness material
    刚度准则 rigidity criterion 
    垫圈 washer
    垫片 spacer
    直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear
    斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear
    直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 
    运动简图 kinematic sketch
    齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 
    蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear
    虚约束 passive constraint
    曲柄 crank
    摇杆 racker
    凸轮 cams
    共轭曲线 conjugate curve
    范成法 generation method 
    定义域 definitional domain
   值域 range
    导数\\微分 differential coefficient
   求导 derivation 
    定积分 definite integral
   不定积分 indefinite integral
    曲率 curvature
    偏微分 partial differential
    毛坯 rough
    游标卡尺 slide caliper
    千分尺 micrometer calipers 
    攻丝 tap
    二阶行列式 second order determinant
    逆矩阵 inverse matrix
    线性方程组 linear equations
    概率 probability
    随机变量 random variable
    排列组合 permutation and combination
    气体状态方程 equation of state of gas
    动能 kinetic energy
    势能 potential energy
    机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy
    动量 momentum
    桁架 truss
    轴线 axes
    余子式 cofactor
    逻辑电路 logic circuit
    触发器 flip-flop
    脉冲波形 pulse shape
    数模 digital analogy 
    液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism
   机械零件 mechanical parts
    淬火冷却 quench
    淬火 hardening
    回火 tempering
    调质 hardening and tempering 
    磨粒 abrasive grain
    结合剂 bonding agent
    砂轮 grinding wheel

后角 clearance angle
    龙门刨削 planing
    主轴 spindle
    主轴箱 headstock
    卡盘 chuck
    加工中心 machining center
    车刀 lathe tool 
    车床 lathe
    钻削 镗削 bore
    车削 turning
    磨床 grinder
    基准 benchmark
    钳工 locksmith
     forge
    压模 stamping
     weld
    拉床 broaching machine
    拉孔 broaching
    装配 assembling
    铸造 found
    流体动力学 fluid dynamics
    流体力学 fluid mechanics
    加工 machining
    液压 hydraulic pressure
    切线 tangent 
    机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration
    气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure 
    稳定性 stability
    介质 medium
    液压驱动泵 fluid clutch
    液压泵 hydraulic pump
    阀门 valve
    失效 invalidation
    强度 intensity
    载荷 load
    应力 stress
    安全系数 safty factor
    可靠性 reliability
    螺纹 thread
    螺旋 helix
     spline
     pin
    滚动轴承 rolling bearing
    滑动轴承 sliding bearing
    弹簧 spring
    制动器 arrester brake
    十字结联轴节 crosshead
    联轴器 coupling
     chain
    皮带 strap
    精加工 finish machining
    粗加工 rough machining
    变速箱体 gearbox casing
    腐蚀 rust
    氧化 oxidation
    磨损 wear
    耐用度 durability
    随机信号 random signal
    离散信号 discrete signal
    超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor
    集成电路 integrate circuit
    挡板 orifice plate 
    残余应力 residual stress 
    套筒 sleeve 
    扭力 torsion
    冷加工 cold machining 
    电动机 electromotor 
    汽缸 cylinder 
    过盈配合 interference fit
    热加工 hotwork
    摄像头 CCD camera
    倒角 rounding chamfer
    优化设计 optimal design
    工业造型设计 industrial moulding design
    有限元 finite element
    滚齿 hobbing
    插齿 gear shaping
    伺服电机 actuating motor
    铣床 milling machine
    钻床 drill machine
    镗床 boring machine
    步进电机 stepper motor
    丝杠 screw rod
    导轨 lead rail
    组件 subassembly
    可编程序逻辑控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC
    电火花加工 electric spark machining
    电火花线切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting
    相图 phase diagram
    热处理 heat treatment
    固态相变 solid state phase changes

    有色金属 nonferrous metal
陶瓷 ceramics
    合成纤维 synthetic fibre
    电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion
    车架 automotive chassis
    悬架 suspension
    转向器 redirector
    变速器 speed changer
    板料冲压 sheet metal parts
    孔加工 spot facing machining
    车间 workshop
    工程技术人员 engineer
    气动夹紧 pneuma lock
    数学模型 mathematical model
    画法几何 descriptive geometry
    机械制图 Mechanical drawing
    投影 projection
    视图 view
    剖视图 profile chart 
    标准件 standard component
    零件图 part drawing
    装配图 assembly drawing
    尺寸标注 size marking
    技术要求 technical requirements
    刚度 rigidity
    内力 internal force
    位移 displacement 
    截面 section 
    疲劳极限 fatigue limit 
    断裂 fracture
    塑性变形 plastic distortion
    脆性材料 brittleness material
    刚度准则 rigidity criterion 
    垫圈 washer
    垫片 spacer
    直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear
    斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear
    直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 
    运动简图 kinematic sketch
    齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 
    蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear
    虚约束 passive constraint
    曲柄 crank
    摇杆 racker
    凸轮 cams
    共轭曲线 conjugate curve
    范成法 generation method 
    定义域 definitional domain
    值域 range
    导数\\微分 differential coefficient
    求导 derivation 
    定积分 definite integral
    不定积分 indefinite integral
    曲率 curvature
    偏微分 partial differential
    毛坯 rough
    游标卡尺 slide caliper
    千分尺 micrometer calipers 
    攻丝 tap
    二阶行列式 second order determinant
    逆矩阵 inverse matrix
    线性方程组 linear equations
    概率 probability
    随机变量 random variable
    排列组合 permutation and combination
    气体状态方程 equation of state of gas
    动能 kinetic energy
    势能 potential energy
    机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy
    动量 momentum
    桁架 truss
    轴线 axes
    余子式 cofactor
    逻辑电路 logic circuit
    触发器 flip-flop
    脉冲波形 pulse shape
    数模 digital analogy 
    液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism
    机械零件 mechanical parts
    淬火冷却 quench
    淬火 hardening
    回火 tempering
    调质 hardening and tempering 
    磨粒 abrasive grain
    结合剂 bonding agent
    砂轮 grinding wheel

Assembly line 组装线 
Layout 布置图 
Conveyer 流水线物料板 
Rivet table 拉钉机 
Rivet gun 拉钉枪 
Screw driver 起子
Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子 
worktable 工作桌 
OOBA 开箱检查 
fit together 组装在一起 
fasten 锁紧(螺丝
fixture 夹具(治具
pallet 栈板 
barcode 条码 
barcode scanner 条码扫描器 
fuse together 熔合 
fuse machine热熔机 
repair修理 
operator作业员 
QC品管 
supervisor 课长 
ME 制造工程师 
MT 制造生技 
cosmetic inspect 外观检查 
inner parts inspect 内部检查 
thumb screw 大头螺丝 
lbs. inch 镑、英寸 
EMI gasket 导电条 
front plate 前板 
rear plate 后板 
chassis 基座 
bezel panel 面板 
power button 电源按键 
reset button 重置键 
Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试 
Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键 
sheet metal parts 冲件 
plastic parts 塑胶件 
SOP 制造作业程序 
material check list 物料检查表 
work cell 工作间 
trolley 台车 
carton 纸箱 
sub-line 支线 
left fork 叉车 
personnel resource department 人力资源部 
production department生产部门 
planning department企划部 
QC Section品管科 
stamping factory冲压厂 
painting factory烤漆厂 
molding factory成型厂 
common equipment常用设备 
uncoiler and straightener整平机 
punching machine 冲床 
robot机械手 
hydraulic machine油压机 
lathe车床 
planer |plein|刨床 
miller铣床 
grinder磨床 
linear cutting线切割 
electrical sparkle电火花 
welder电焊机 
staker=reviting machine铆合机 
position职务 
president董事长 
general manager总经理 
special assistant manager特助 
factory director厂长 
department director部长 
deputy manager | =vice manager副理 
section supervisor课长 
deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长 
group leader/supervisor组长 
line supervisor线长 
assistant manager助理 
to move, to carry, to handle搬运 
be put in storage入库 
pack packing包装 
to apply oil擦油 
to file burr 锉毛刺 
final inspection终检 
to connect material接料 
to reverse material 翻料 
wet station沾湿台 
Tiana天那水 
cleaning cloth抹布 
to load material上料 
to unload material卸料 
to return material/stock to退料 
scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废 
scrape ..v.; 
deficient purchase来料不良 
manufacture procedure制程 
deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良 
oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化 
scratch刮伤 
dents压痕 
defective upsiding down抽芽不良 
defective to staking铆合不良 
embedded lump镶块 
feeding is not in place送料不到位 
stamping-missing漏冲 
production capacity生产力 
education and training教育与训练 
proposal improvement提案改善 
spare parts=buffer备件 
forklift叉车 
trailer=long vehicle拖板车

compound die合模 
die locker锁模器 
pressure plate=plate pinch压板 
bolt螺栓 
administration/general affairs dept总务部
automatic screwdriver电动启子 
thickness gauge厚薄规 
gauge(or jig)治具 
power wire电源线 
buzzle蜂鸣器 
defective product label不良标签 
identifying sheet list标示单 
location地点 
present members出席人员 
subject主题 
conclusion结论 
decision items决议事项 
responsible department负责单位 
pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日 
approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办 
PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表 
model机锺 
work order工令 
revision版次 
remark备注 
production control confirmation生产确认 
checked by初审 
approved by核准 
department部门 
stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表 
on-hand inventory现有库存 
available material良品可使用 
obsolete material良品已呆滞 
to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工 
total合计 
cause description原因说明 
part number/ P/N 料号
type形态 
item/group/class类别 
quality品质 
prepared by制表 notes说明 
year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表 
physical inventory盘点数量 
physical count quantity帐面数量 
difference quantity差异量 
cause analysis原因分析 
raw materials原料 
materials物料 
finished product成品 
semi-finished product半成品 
packing materials包材 
good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品 
defective product/non-good parts不良品 
disposed goods处理品 
warehouse/hub仓库 
on way location在途仓 
oversea location海外仓 
spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单 
spare molds location模具备品仓 
skid/pallet栈板 
tox machine自铆机 
wire EDM线割 
EDM放电机 
coil stock卷料 
sheet stock片料 
tolerance工差 
score=groove压线 
cam block滑块 
pilot导正筒 
trim剪外边 
pierce剪内边 
drag form压锻差 
pocket for the punch head挂钩槽 
slug hole废料孔 
feature die公母模 
expansion dwg展开图 
radius半径 
shim(wedge)楔子 
torch-flame cut火焰切割 
set screw止付螺丝 
form block折刀 
stop pin定位销 
round pierce punch=die button圆冲子 
shape punch=die insert异形子 
stock locater block定位块 
under cut=scrap chopper清角 
active plate活动板 
baffle plate挡块 
cover plate盖板 
male die公模 
female die母模 
groove punch压线冲子 
air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆 
spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板 
bushing block衬套 
insert 入块 
club car高尔夫球车 
capability能力 
parameter参数 
factor系数 
phosphate皮膜化成 
viscosity涂料粘度 
alkalidipping脱脂 
main manifold主集流脉 
bezel斜视规 
blanking穿落模 
dejecting顶固模 
demagnetization去磁;消磁 
high-speed transmission高速传递 
heat dissipation热传 rack上料 
degrease脱脂 
rinse水洗 
alkaline etch龄咬 
desmut剥黑膜 
D.I. rinse纯水次 
Chromate铬酸处理 
Anodize阳性处理 
seal封孔 
revision版次 
part number/P/N料号 
good products良品 
scraped products报放心品 
defective products不良品 
finished products成品 
disposed products处理品 
barcode条码 
flow chart流程表单 
assembly组装 
stamping冲压

molding成型 
spare parts=buffer备品 
coordinate座标 
dismantle the die折模 
auxiliary fuction辅助功能 
poly-line多义线 
heater band 加热片 
thermocouple热电偶 
sand blasting喷沙 
grit 砂砾 
derusting machine除锈机 
degate打浇口 
dryer烘干机 
induction感应 
induction light感应光
response=reaction=interaction感应 
ram连杆 
edge finder巡边器 
concave 
convex 
short射料不足 
nick缺口 
speck?? 
shine亮班 
splay 银纹 
gas mark焦痕 
delamination起鳞 
cold slug冷块 
blush 导色 
gouge沟槽;凿槽 
satin texture段面咬花 
witness line证示线 
patent专利 
grit沙砾 
granule=peuet=grain细粒 
grit maker抽粒机 
cushion缓冲 
magnalium镁铝合金 
magnesium镁金 
metal plate钣金 
lathe mill 
plane 
grind 
drill 
boring 
blinster气泡 
fillet;嵌边 
through-hole form通孔形式 
voller pin formality滚针形式 
cam driver铡楔 
shank摸柄 
crank shaft曲柄轴 
augular offset角度偏差 
velocity速度
production tempo生产进度现状 
torque扭矩 
spline=the multiple keys花键 
quenching淬火 
tempering回火 
annealing退火 
carbonization碳化 
tungsten high speed steel钨高速的 
moly high speed steel钼高速的 
organic solvent有机溶剂 
bracket小磁导 
liaison联络单 
volatile挥发性 
resistance电阻 
ion离子 
titrator滴定仪 
beacon警示灯 
coolant冷却液 
crusher破碎机

阿基米德蜗杆 Archimedes worm
安全系数 safety factor; factor of safety
安全载荷 safe load
凹面、凹度 concavity
扳手 wrench 
板簧 flat leaf spring 
半圆键 woodruff key
变形 deformation
摆杆 oscillating bar
摆动从动件 oscillating follower
摆动从动件凸轮机构 cam with oscillating follower
摆动导杆机构 oscillating guide-bar mechanism
摆线齿轮 cycloidal gear
摆线齿形 cycloidal tooth profile
摆线运动规律 cycloidal motion
摆线针轮 cycloidal-pin wheel
包角 angle of contact
保持架 cage
背对背安装 back-to-back arrangement
背锥 back cone  normal cone
背锥角 back angle
背锥距 back cone distance
比例尺 scale
比热容 specific heat capacity
闭式链 closed kinematic chain
闭链机构 closed chain mechanism
臂部 arm
变频器 frequency converters
变频调速 frequency control of motor speed
变速 speed change
变速齿轮 change gear change wheel
变位齿轮 modified gear
变位系数 modification coefficient
标准齿轮 standard gear
标准直齿轮 standard spur gear
表面质量系数 superficial mass factor
表面传热系数 surface coefficient of heat transfer
表面粗糙度 surface roughness
并联式组合 combination in parallel
并联机构 parallel mechanism
并联组合机构 parallel combined mechanism
并行工程 concurrent engineering
并行设计 concurred design, CD
不平衡相位 phase angle of unbalance
不平衡 imbalance (or unbalance)
不平衡量 amount of unbalance
不完全齿轮机构 intermittent gearing
波发生器 wave generator
波数 number of waves
补偿 compensation
参数化设计 parameterization design, PD
残余应力 residual stress
操纵及控制装置 operation control device
槽轮 Geneva wheel
槽轮机构 Geneva mechanism  Maltese cross
槽数 Geneva numerate
槽凸轮 groove cam
侧隙 backlash
差动轮系 differential gear train
差动螺旋机构 differential screw mechanism
差速器 differential
常用机构 conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use
车床 lathe
承载量系数 bearing capacity factor
承载能力 bearing capacity
成对安装 paired mounting
尺寸系列 dimension series
齿槽 tooth space
齿槽宽 spacewidth
齿侧间隙 backlash
齿顶高 addendum
齿顶圆 addendum circle
齿根高 dedendum
齿根圆 dedendum circle
齿厚 tooth thickness
齿距 circular pitch
齿宽 face width
齿廓 tooth profile
齿廓曲线 tooth curve
齿轮 gear
齿轮变速箱 speed-changing gear boxes
齿轮齿条机构 pinion and rack
齿轮插刀 pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter
齿轮滚刀 hob ,hobbing cutter
齿轮机构 gear
齿轮轮坯 blank
齿轮传动系 pinion unit
齿轮联轴器 gear coupling
齿条传动 rack gear
齿数 tooth number
齿数比 gear ratio
齿条 rack
齿条插刀 rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter
齿形链、无声链 silent chain
齿形系数 form factor
齿式棘轮机构 tooth ratchet mechanism
插齿机 gear shaper
重合点 coincident points
重合度 contact ratio
冲床 punch
传动比 transmission ratio, speed ratio
传动装置 gearing; transmission gear
传动系统 driven system
传动角 transmission angle
传动轴 transmission shaft
串联式组合 combination in series
串联式组合机构 series combined mechanism
串级调速 cascade speed control
创新 innovation creation
创新设计 creation design
垂直载荷、法向载荷 normal load
唇形橡胶密封 lip rubber seal
磁流体轴承 magnetic fluid bearing
从动带轮 driven pulley
从动件 driven link, follower
从动件平底宽度 width of flat-face
从动件停歇 follower dwell
从动件运动规律 follower motion
从动轮 driven gear
粗线 bold line
粗牙螺纹 coarse thread
大齿轮 gear wheel
打包机 packer
打滑 slipping
带传动 belt driving
带轮 belt pulley
带式制动器 band brake
单列轴承 single row bearing
单向推力轴承 single-direction thrust bearing
单万向联轴节 single universal joint
单位矢量 unit vector
当量齿轮 equivalent spur gear; virtual gear
当量齿数 equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth
当量摩擦系数 equivalent coefficient of friction
当量载荷 equivalent load
刀具 cutter
导数 derivative
倒角 chamfer
导热性 conduction of heat
导程 lead
导程角 lead angle
等加等减速运动规律 parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion
等速运动规律 uniform motion; constant velocity motion
等径凸轮 conjugate yoke radial cam
等宽凸轮 constant-breadth cam
等效构件 equivalent link
等效力 equivalent force
等效力矩 equivalent moment of force
等效量 equivalent
等效质量 equivalent mass
等效转动惯量 equivalent moment of inertia
等效动力学模型 dynamically equivalent model
底座 chassis
低副 lower pair
点划线 chain dotted line
(疲劳)点蚀 pitting
垫圈 gasket
垫片密封 gasket seal
碟形弹簧 belleville spring
顶隙 bottom clearance
定轴轮系 ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes
动力学 dynamics
动密封 kinematical seal
动能 dynamic energy
动力粘度 dynamic viscosity
动力润滑 dynamic lubrication
动平衡 dynamic balance
动平衡机 dynamic balancing machine
动态特性 dynamic characteristics
动态分析设计 dynamic analysis design
动压力 dynamic reaction
动载荷 dynamic load
端面 transverse plane
端面参数 transverse parameters
端面齿距 transverse circular pitch
端面齿廓 transverse tooth profile
端面重合度 transverse contact ratio
端面模数 transverse module
端面压力角 transverse pressure angle
锻造 forge
对称循环应力 symmetry circulating stress
对心滚子从动件 radial (or in-line ) roller follower
对心直动从动件 radial (or in-line ) translating follower
对心移动从动件 radial reciprocating follower
对心曲柄滑块机构 in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism
多列轴承 multi-row bearing
多楔带 poly V-belt
多项式运动规律 polynomial motion
多质量转子 rotor with several masses
惰轮 idle gear
额定寿命 rating life
额定载荷 load rating
II 级杆组 dyad
发生线 generating line 
发生面 generating plane 
法面 normal plane
法面参数 normal parameters
法面齿距 normal circular pitch
法面模数 normal module
法面压力角 normal pressure angle
法向齿距 normal pitch
法向齿廓 normal tooth profile
法向直廓蜗杆 straight sided normal worm
法向力 normal force
反馈式组合 feedback combining
反向运动学 inverse ( or backward) kinematics
反转法 kinematic inversion
反正切 Arctan
范成法 generating cutting
仿形法 form cutting
方案设计、概念设计 concept design, CD
防振装置 shockproof device
飞轮 flywheel
飞轮矩 moment of flywheel
非标准齿轮 nonstandard gear
非接触式密封 non-contact seal
非周期性速度波动 aperiodic speed fluctuation
非圆齿轮 non-circular gear
粉末合金 powder metallurgy
分度线 reference line; standard pitch line
分度圆 reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle
分度圆柱导程角 lead angle at reference cylinder
分度圆柱螺旋角 helix angle at reference cylinder
分母 denominator
分子 numerator
分度圆锥 reference cone; standard pitch cone
分析法 analytical method
封闭差动轮系 planetary differential
复合铰链 compound hinge
复合式组合 compound combining
复合轮系 compound (or combined) gear train
复合平带 compound flat belt
复合应力 combined stress
复式螺旋机构 Compound screw mechanism
复杂机构   complex mechanism
杆组 Assur group 
干涉 interference 
刚度系数 stiffness coefficient
刚轮 rigid circular spline
钢丝软轴 wire soft shaft
刚体导引机构 body guidance mechanism
刚性冲击 rigid impulse (shock)
刚性转子 rigid rotor
刚性轴承 rigid bearing
刚性联轴器 rigid coupling
高度系列 height series
高速带 high speed belt
高副 higher pair
格拉晓夫定理 Grashoff`s law
根切 undercutting
公称直径 nominal diameter
高度系列 height series
 work
工况系数 application factor
工艺设计 technological design
工作循环图 working cycle diagram
工作机构 operation mechanism
工作载荷 external loads
工作空间 working space
工作应力 working stress
工作阻力 effective resistance
工作阻力矩 effective resistance moment
公法线 common normal line
公共约束 general constraint
公制齿轮 metric gears
功率 power
功能分析设计 function analyses design
共轭齿廓 conjugate profiles
共轭凸轮 conjugate cam
构件 link
鼓风机 blower
固定构件 fixed link; frame
固体润滑剂 solid lubricant
关节型操作器 jointed manipulator
惯性力 inertia force
惯性力矩 moment of inertia ,shaking moment
惯性力平衡 balance of shaking force
惯性力完全平衡 full balance of shaking force
惯性力部分平衡 partial balance of shaking force
惯性主矩 resultant moment of inertia
惯性主失 resultant vector of inertia
冠轮 crown gear
广义机构 generation mechanism
广义坐标 generalized coordinate
轨迹生成 path generation
轨迹发生器 path generator
滚刀 hob
滚道 raceway
滚动体 rolling element
滚动轴承 rolling bearing
滚动轴承代号 rolling bearing identification code
滚针 needle roller
滚针轴承 needle roller bearing
滚子 roller
滚子轴承 roller bearing
滚子半径 radius of roller
滚子从动件 roller follower
滚子链 roller chain
滚子链联轴器 double roller chain coupling
滚珠丝杆 ball screw
滚柱式单向超越离合器 roller clutch
过度切割 undercutting
函数发生器 function generator 
函数生成 function generation 
含油轴承 oil bearing
耗油量 oil consumption
耗油量系数 oil consumption factor
赫兹公式 H. Hertz equation
合成弯矩 resultant bending moment
合力 resultant force
合力矩 resultant moment of force
黑箱 black box
横坐标 abscissa
互换性齿轮 interchangeable gears
花键 spline
滑键、导键 feather key
滑动轴承 sliding bearing
滑动率 sliding ratio
滑块 slider
环面蜗杆 toroid helicoids worm
环形弹簧 annular spring
缓冲装置 shocks; shock-absorber
灰铸铁 grey cast iron
回程 return
回转体平衡 balance of rotors
混合轮系   compound gear train
积分 integrate 
机电一体化系统设计 mechanical-electrical integration system design 
机构 mechanism
机构分析 analysis of mechanism
机构平衡 balance of mechanism
机构学 mechanism
机构运动设计 kinematic design of mechanism
机构运动简图 kinematic sketch of mechanism
机构综合 synthesis of mechanism
机构组成 constitution of mechanism
机架 frame, fixed link
机架变换 kinematic inversion
机器 machine
机器人 robot
机器人操作器 manipulator
机器人学 robotics
技术过程 technique process
技术经济评价 technical and economic evaluation
技术系统 technique system
机械 machinery
机械创新设计 mechanical creation design, MCD
机械系统设计 mechanical system design, MSD
机械动力分析 dynamic analysis of machinery
机械动力设计 dynamic design of machinery
机械动力学 dynamics of machinery
机械的现代设计 modern machine design
机械系统 mechanical system
机械利益 mechanical advantage
机械平衡 balance of machinery
机械手 manipulator
机械设计 machine design; mechanical design
机械特性 mechanical behavior
机械调速 mechanical speed governors
机械效率 mechanical efficiency
机械原理 theory of machines and mechanisms
机械运转不均匀系数 coefficient of speed fluctuation
机械无级变速 mechanical stepless speed changes
基础机构 fundamental mechanism
基本额定寿命 basic rating life
基于实例设计 case-based design,CBD
基圆 base circle
基圆半径 radius of base circle
基圆齿距 base pitch
基圆压力角 pressure angle of base circle
基圆柱 base cylinder
基圆锥 base cone
急回机构 quick-return mechanism
急回特性 quick-return characteristics
急回系数 advance-to return-time ratio
急回运动 quick-return motion
棘轮 ratchet
棘轮机构 ratchet mechanism
棘爪 pawl
极限位置 extreme (or limiting) position
极位夹角 crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions
计算机辅助设计 computer aided design, CAD
计算机辅助制造 computer aided manufacturing, CAM
计算机集成制造系统 computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS
计算力矩 factored moment; calculation moment
计算弯矩 calculated bending moment
加权系数 weighting efficient
加速度 acceleration
加速度分析 acceleration analysis
加速度曲线 acceleration diagram
尖点 pointing; cusp
尖底从动件 knife-edge follower
间隙 backlash
间歇运动机构 intermittent motion mechanism
减速比 reduction ratio
减速齿轮、减速装置 reduction gear
减速器 speed reducer
减摩性 anti-friction quality
渐开螺旋面 involute helicoid
渐开线 involute
渐开线齿廓 involute profile
渐开线齿轮 involute gear
渐开线发生线 generating line of involute
渐开线方程 involute equation
渐开线函数 involute function
渐开线蜗杆 involute worm
渐开线压力角 pressure angle of involute
渐开线花键 involute spline
简谐运动 simple harmonic motion
 key
键槽 keyway
交变应力 repeated stress
交变载荷 repeated fluctuating load
交叉带传动 cross-belt drive
交错轴斜齿轮 crossed helical gears
胶合 scoring
角加速度 angular acceleration
角速度 angular velocity
角速比 angular velocity ratio
角接触球轴承 angular contact ball bearing
角接触推力轴承 angular contact thrust bearing
角接触向心轴承 angular contact radial bearing
角接触轴承 angular contact bearing
铰链、枢纽 hinge
校正平面 correcting plane
接触应力 contact stress
接触式密封 contact seal
阶梯轴 multi-diameter shaft
结构 structure
结构设计 structural design
截面 section
节点 pitch point
节距 circular pitch; pitch of teeth
节线 pitch line
节圆 pitch circle
节圆齿厚 thickness on pitch circle
节圆直径 pitch diameter
节圆锥 pitch cone
节圆锥角 pitch cone angle
解析设计 analytical design
紧边 tight-side
紧固件 fastener
径节 diametral pitch
径向 radial direction
径向当量动载荷 dynamic equivalent radial load
径向当量静载荷 static equivalent radial load
径向基本额定动载荷 basic dynamic radial load rating
径向基本额定静载荷 basic static radial load tating
径向接触轴承 radial contact bearing
径向平面 radial plane
径向游隙 radial internal clearance
径向载荷 radial load
径向载荷系数 radial load factor
径向间隙 clearance
静力 static force
静平衡 static balance
静载荷 static load
静密封 static seal
局部自由度 passive degree of freedom
矩阵 matrix
矩形螺纹 square threaded form
锯齿形螺纹 buttress thread form
矩形牙嵌式离合器 square-jaw positive-contact clutch
绝对尺寸系数 absolute dimensional factor
绝对运动 absolute motion
绝对速度 absolute velocity
均衡装置 load balancing mechanism
抗压强度 compression strength 
开口传动 open-belt drive 
开式链 open kinematic chain
开链机构 open chain mechanism
可靠度 degree of reliability
可靠性 reliability
可靠性设计 reliability design, RD
空气弹簧 air spring
空间机构 spatial mechanism
空间连杆机构 spatial linkage
空间凸轮机构 spatial cam
空间运动副 spatial kinematic pair
空间运动链 spatial kinematic chain
空转 idle
宽度系列 width series
框图 block diagram
雷诺方程 Reynolds‘s equation 
离心力 centrifugal force 
离心应力 centrifugal stress
离合器 clutch
离心密封 centrifugal seal
理论廓线 pitch curve
理论啮合线 theoretical line of action
隶属度 membership
 force
力多边形 force polygon
力封闭型凸轮机构 force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism
力矩 moment
力平衡 equilibrium
力偶 couple
力偶矩 moment of couple
连杆 connecting rod, coupler
连杆机构 linkage
连杆曲线 coupler-curve
连心线 line of centers
 chain
链传动装置 chain gearing
链轮 sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel
联组 V  tight-up V belt
联轴器 coupling shaft coupling
两维凸轮 two-dimensional cam
临界转速 critical speed
六杆机构 six-bar linkage
龙门刨床 double Haas planer
轮坯 blank
轮系 gear train
螺杆 screw
螺距 thread pitch
螺母 screw nut
螺旋锥齿轮 helical bevel gear
螺钉 screws
螺栓 bolts
螺纹导程 lead
螺纹效率 screw efficiency
螺旋传动 power screw
螺旋密封 spiral seal
螺纹 thread (of a screw)
螺旋副 helical pair
螺旋机构 screw mechanism
螺旋角 helix angle
螺旋线 helix ,helical line
绿色设计 green design design for environment
马耳他机构 Geneva wheel Geneva gear 
马耳他十字 Maltese cross 
脉动无级变速 pulsating stepless speed changes
脉动循环应力 fluctuating circulating stress
脉动载荷 fluctuating load
铆钉 rivet
迷宫密封 labyrinth seal
密封 seal
密封带 seal belt
密封胶 seal gum
密封元件 potted component
密封装置 sealing arrangement
面对面安装 face-to-face arrangement
面向产品生命周期设计 design for product`s life cycle, DPLC
名义应力、公称应力 nominal stress
模块化设计 modular design, MD
模块式传动系统 modular system
模幅箱 morphology box
模糊集 fuzzy set
模糊评价 fuzzy evaluation
模数 module
摩擦 friction
摩擦角 friction angle
摩擦力 friction force
摩擦学设计 tribology design, TD
摩擦阻力 frictional resistance
摩擦力矩 friction moment
摩擦系数 coefficient of friction
摩擦圆 friction circle
磨损 abrasion wear; scratching
末端执行器 end-effector
目标函数 objective function
耐腐蚀性 corrosion resistance 
耐磨性 wear resistance 
挠性机构 mechanism with flexible elements
挠性转子 flexible rotor
内齿轮 internal gear
内齿圈 ring gear
内力 internal force
内圈 inner ring
能量 energy
能量指示图 viscosity
逆时针 counterclockwise (or anticlockwise)
啮出 engaging-out
啮合 engagement, mesh, gearing
啮合点 contact points
啮合角 working pressure angle
啮合线 line of action
啮合线长度 length of line of action
啮入 engaging-in
牛头刨床 shaper
凝固点 freezing point; solidifying point
扭转应力 torsion stress
扭矩 moment of torque
扭簧 helical torsion spring
诺模图 Nomogram
形密封圈密封 O ring seal
盘形凸轮 disk cam 
盘形转子 disk-like rotor 
抛物线运动 parabolic motion
疲劳极限 fatigue limit
疲劳强度 fatigue strength
偏置式 offset
 (  )  offset distance
偏心率 eccentricity ratio
偏心质量 eccentric mass
偏距圆 offset circle
偏心盘 eccentric
偏置滚子从动件 offset roller follower
偏置尖底从动件 offset knife-edge follower
偏置曲柄滑块机构 offset slider-crank mechanism
拼接 matching
评价与决策 evaluation and decision
频率 frequency
平带 flat belt
平带传动 flat belt driving
平底从动件 flat-face follower
平底宽度 face width
平分线 bisector
平均应力 average stress
平均中径 mean screw diameter
平均速度 average velocity
平衡 balance
平衡机 balancing machine
平衡品质 balancing quality
平衡平面 correcting plane
平衡质量 balancing mass
平衡重 counterweight
平衡转速 balancing speed
平面副 planar pair, flat pair
平面机构 planar mechanism
平面运动副 planar kinematic pair
平面连杆机构 planar linkage
平面凸轮 planar cam
平面凸轮机构 planar cam mechanism
平面轴斜齿轮 parallel helical gears
普通平键 parallel key
其他常用机构 other mechanism in common use 
起动阶段 starting period 
启动力矩 starting torque
气动机构 pneumatic mechanism
奇异位置 singular position
起始啮合点 initial contact , beginning of contact
气体轴承 gas bearing
千斤顶 jack
嵌入键 sunk key
强迫振动 forced vibration
切齿深度 depth of cut
曲柄 crank
曲柄存在条件 Grashoff`s law
曲柄导杆机构 crank shaper (guide-bar) mechanism
曲柄滑块机构 slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism
曲柄摇杆机构 crank-rocker mechanism
曲齿锥齿轮 spiral bevel gear
曲率 curvature
曲率半径 radius of curvature
曲面从动件 curved-shoe follower
曲线拼接 curve matching
曲线运动 curvilinear motion
曲轴 crank shaft
驱动力 driving force
驱动力矩 driving moment (torque)
全齿高 whole depth
权重集 weight sets
 ball
球面滚子 convex roller
球轴承 ball bearing
球面副 spheric pair
球面渐开线 spherical involute
球面运动 spherical motion
球销副 sphere-pin pair
球坐标操作器 polar coordinate manipulator
燃点 spontaneous ignition 
热平衡 heat balance; thermal equilibrium 
人字齿轮 herringbone gear
冗余自由度 redundant degree of freedom
柔轮 flexspline
柔性冲击 flexible impulse; soft shock
柔性制造系统 flexible manufacturing system; FMS
柔性自动化 flexible automation
润滑油膜 lubricant film
润滑装置 lubrication device
润滑 lubrication
润滑剂 lubricant
三角形花键 serration spline 
三角形螺纹 V thread screw 
三维凸轮 three-dimensional cam
三心定理 Kennedy`s theorem
砂轮越程槽 grinding wheel groove
砂漏 hour-glass
少齿差行星传动 planetary drive with small teeth difference
设计方法学 design methodology
设计变量 design variable
设计约束 design constraints
深沟球轴承 deep groove ball bearing
生产阻力 productive resistance
升程 rise
升距 lift
实际廓线 cam profile
十字滑块联轴器 double slider coupling; Oldham‘s coupling
矢量 vector
输出功 output work
输出构件 output link
输出机构 output mechanism
输出力矩 output torque
输出轴 output shaft
输入构件 input link
数学模型 mathematic model
实际啮合线 actual line of action
双滑块机构 double-slider mechanism, ellipsograph
双曲柄机构 double crank mechanism
双曲面齿轮 hyperboloid gear
双头螺柱 studs
双万向联轴节 constant-velocity (or double) universal joint
双摇杆机构 double rocker mechanism
双转块机构 Oldham coupling
双列轴承 double row bearing
双向推力轴承 double-direction thrust bearing
松边 slack-side
顺时针 clockwise
瞬心 instantaneous center
死点 dead point
四杆机构 four-bar linkage
速度 velocity
速度不均匀 ( 波动 ) 系数 coefficient of speed fluctuation
速度波动 speed fluctuation
速度曲线 velocity diagram
速度瞬心 instantaneous center of velocity
塔轮 step pulley 
踏板 pedal 
台钳、虎钳 vice
太阳轮 sun gear
弹性滑动 elasticity sliding motion
弹性联轴器 elastic coupling flexible coupling
弹性套柱销联轴器 rubber-cushioned sleeve bearing coupling
套筒 sleeve
梯形螺纹 acme thread form
特殊运动链 special kinematic chain
特性 characteristics
替代机构 equivalent mechanism
调节 modulation, regulation
调心滚子轴承 self-aligning roller bearing
调心球轴承 self-aligning ball bearing
调心轴承 self-aligning bearing
调速 speed governing
调速电动机 adjustable speed motors
调速系统 speed control system
调压调速 variable voltage control
调速器 regulator, governor
铁磁流体密封 ferrofluid seal
停车阶段 stopping phase
停歇 dwell
同步带 synchronous belt
同步带传动 synchronous belt drive
凸的,凸面体 convex
凸轮 cam
凸轮倒置机构 inverse cam mechanism
凸轮机构 cam , cam mechanism
凸轮廓线 cam profile
凸轮廓线绘制 layout of cam profile
凸轮理论廓线 pitch curve
凸缘联轴器 flange coupling
图册、图谱 atlas
图解法 graphical method
推程 rise
推力球轴承 thrust ball bearing
推力轴承 thrust bearing
退刀槽 tool withdrawal groove
退火 anneal
陀螺仪 gyroscope
 V belt
外力 external force 
外圈 outer ring 
外形尺寸 boundary dimension
万向联轴器 Hooks coupling universal coupling
外齿轮 external gear
弯曲应力 beading stress
弯矩 bending moment
腕部 wrist
往复移动 reciprocating motion
往复式密封 reciprocating seal
网上设计 on-net design, OND
微动螺旋机构 differential screw mechanism
位移 displacement
位移曲线 displacement diagram
位姿 pose , position and orientation
稳定运转阶段 steady motion period
稳健设计 robust design
蜗杆 worm
蜗杆传动机构 worm gearing
蜗杆头数 number of threads
蜗杆直径系数 diametral quotient
蜗杆蜗轮机构 worm and worm gear
蜗杆形凸轮步进机构 worm cam interval mechanism
蜗杆旋向 hands of worm
蜗轮 worm gear
涡圈形盘簧 power spring
无级变速装置 stepless speed changes devices
无穷大 infinite
系杆 crank arm, planet carrier 
现场平衡 field balancing 
向心轴承 radial bearing
向心力 centrifugal force
相对速度 relative velocity
相对运动 relative motion
相对间隙 relative gap
象限 quadrant
橡皮泥 plasticine
细牙螺纹 fine threads
 pin
消耗 consumption
小齿轮 pinion
小径 minor diameter
橡胶弹簧 balata spring
修正梯形加速度运动规律 modified trapezoidal acceleration motion
修正正弦加速度运动规律 modified sine acceleration motion
斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical gear
斜键、钩头楔键 taper key
泄漏 leakage
谐波齿轮 harmonic gear
谐波传动 harmonic driving
谐波发生器 harmonic generator
斜齿轮的当量直齿轮 equivalent spur gear of the helical gear
心轴 spindle
行程速度变化系数 coefficient of travel speed variation
行程速比系数 advance-to return-time ratio
行星齿轮装置 planetary transmission
行星轮 planet gear
行星轮变速装置 planetary speed changing devices
行星轮系 planetary gear train
形封闭凸轮机构 positive-drive (or form-closed) cam mechanism
虚拟现实 virtual reality
虚拟现实技术 virtual reality technology, VRT
虚拟现实设计 virtual reality design, VRD
虚约束 redundant (or passive) constraint
许用不平衡量 allowable amount of unbalance
许用压力角 allowable pressure angle
许用应力 allowable stress; permissible stress
悬臂结构 cantilever structure
悬臂梁 cantilever beam
循环功率流 circulating power load
旋转力矩 running torque
旋转式密封 rotating seal
旋转运动 rotary motion
选型 type selection
压力 pressure 
压力中心 center of pressure 
压缩机 compressor
压应力 compressive stress
压力角 pressure angle
牙嵌式联轴器 jaw (teeth) positive-contact coupling
雅可比矩阵 Jacobi matrix
摇杆 rocker
液力传动 hydrodynamic drive
液力耦合器 hydraulic couplers
液体弹簧 liquid spring
液压无级变速 hydraulic stepless speed changes
液压机构 hydraulic mechanism
一般化运动链 generalized kinematic chain
移动从动件 reciprocating follower
移动副 prismatic pair, sliding pair
移动关节 prismatic joint
移动凸轮 wedge cam
盈亏功 increment or decrement work
应力幅 stress amplitude
应力集中 stress concentration
应力集中系数 factor of stress concentration
应力图 stress diagram
应力 — 应变图 stress-strain diagram
优化设计 optimal design
油杯 oil bottle
油壶 oil can
油沟密封 oily ditch seal
有害阻力 useless resistance
有益阻力 useful resistance
有效拉力 effective tension
有效圆周力 effective circle force
有害阻力 detrimental resistance
余弦加速度运动 cosine acceleration (or simple harmonic) motion
预紧力 preload
原动机 primer mover
圆带 round belt
圆带传动 round belt drive
圆弧齿厚 circular thickness
圆弧圆柱蜗杆 hollow flank worm
圆角半径 fillet radius
圆盘摩擦离合器 disc friction clutch
圆盘制动器 disc brake
原动机 prime mover
原始机构 original mechanism
圆形齿轮 circular gear
圆柱滚子 cylindrical roller
圆柱滚子轴承 cylindrical roller bearing
圆柱副 cylindric pair
圆柱式凸轮步进运动机构 barrel (cylindric) cam
圆柱螺旋拉伸弹簧 cylindroid helical-coil extension spring
圆柱螺旋扭转弹簧 cylindroid helical-coil torsion spring
圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧 cylindroid helical-coil compression spring
圆柱凸轮 cylindrical cam
圆柱蜗杆 cylindrical worm
圆柱坐标操作器 cylindrical coordinate manipulator
圆锥螺旋扭转弹簧 conoid helical-coil compression spring
圆锥滚子 tapered roller
圆锥滚子轴承 tapered roller bearing
圆锥齿轮机构 bevel gears
圆锥角 cone angle
原动件 driving link
约束 constraint
约束条件 constraint condition
约束反力 constraining force
跃度 jerk
跃度曲线 jerk diagram
运动倒置 kinematic inversion
运动方案设计 kinematic precept design
运动分析 kinematic analysis
运动副 kinematic pair
运动构件 moving link
运动简图 kinematic sketch
运动链 kinematic chain
运动失真 undercutting
运动设计 kinematic design
运动周期 cycle of motion
运动综合 kinematic synthesis
运转不均匀系数 coefficient of velocity fluctuation
运动粘度 kenematic viscosity
载荷 load 
载荷 — 变形曲线 load—deformation curve 
载荷 — 变形图 load—deformation diagram
 V  narrow V belt
毡圈密封 felt ring seal
展成法 generating
张紧力 tension
张紧轮 tension pulley
振动 vibration
振动力矩 shaking couple
振动频率 frequency of vibration
振幅 amplitude of vibration
正切机构 tangent mechanism
正向运动学 direct (forward) kinematics
正弦机构 sine generator, scotch yoke
织布机 loom
正应力、法向应力 normal stress
制动器 brake
直齿圆柱齿轮 spur gear
直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear
直角三角形 right triangle
直角坐标操作器 Cartesian coordinate manipulator
直径系数 diametral quotient
直径系列 diameter series
直廓环面蜗杆 hindley worm
直线运动 linear motion
直轴 straight shaft
质量 mass
质心 center of mass
执行构件 executive link; working link
质径积 mass-radius product
智能化设计 intelligent design, ID
中间平面 mid-plane
中心距 center distance
中心距变动 center distance change
中心轮 central gear
中径 mean diameter
终止啮合点 final contact, end of contact
周节 pitch
周期性速度波动 periodic speed fluctuation
周转轮系 epicyclic gear train
肘形机构 toggle mechanism
 shaft
轴承盖 bearing cup
轴承合金 bearing alloy
轴承座 bearing block
轴承高度 bearing height
轴承宽度 bearing width
轴承内径 bearing bore diameter
轴承寿命 bearing life
轴承套圈 bearing ring
轴承外径 bearing outside diameter
轴颈 journal
轴瓦、轴承衬 bearing bush
轴端挡圈 shaft end ring
轴环 shaft collar
轴肩 shaft shoulder
轴角 shaft angle
轴向 axial direction
轴向齿廓 axial tooth profile
轴向当量动载荷 dynamic equivalent axial load
轴向当量静载荷 static equivalent axial load
轴向基本额定动载荷 basic dynamic axial load rating
轴向基本额定静载荷 basic static axial load rating
轴向接触轴承 axial contact bearing
轴向平面 axial plane
轴向游隙 axial internal clearance
轴向载荷 axial load
轴向载荷系数 axial load factor
轴向分力 axial thrust load
主动件 driving link
主动齿轮 driving gear
主动带轮 driving pulley
转动导杆机构 whitworth mechanism
转动副 revolute (turning) pair
转速 swiveling speed rotating speed
转动关节 revolute joint
转轴 revolving shaft
转子 rotor
转子平衡 balance of rotor
装配条件 assembly condition
锥齿轮 bevel gear
锥顶 common apex of cone
锥距 cone distance
锥轮 bevel pulley; bevel wheel
锥齿轮的当量直齿轮 equivalent spur gear of the bevel gear
锥面包络圆柱蜗杆 milled helicoids worm
准双曲面齿轮 hypoid gear
子程序 subroutine
子机构 sub-mechanism
自动化 automation
自锁 self-locking
自锁条件 condition of self-locking
自由度 degree of freedom, mobility
总重合度 total contact ratio
总反力 resultant force
总效率 combined efficiency; overall efficiency
组成原理 theory of constitution
组合齿形 composite tooth form
组合安装 stack mounting
组合机构 combined mechanism
阻抗力 resistance
最大盈亏功 maximum difference work between plus and minus work
纵向重合度 overlap contact ratio
纵坐标 ordinate
组合机构 combined mechanism
最少齿数 minimum teeth number
最小向径 minimum radius
作用力 applied force
坐标系 coordinate frame

3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床 boring machine 搪孔机 
cnc milling machine CNC铣床 contouring machine 轮廓锯床 
copy grinding machine 仿形磨床 copy lathe 仿形车床 
copy milling machine 仿形铣床 copy shaping machine 仿形刨床 
cylindrical grinding machine 外圆磨床 die spotting machine 合模机 
drilling machine ?孔机 engraving machine 雕刻机 
engraving E.D.M. 雕模放置加工机 form grinding machine 成形磨床 
graphite machine 石墨加工机 horizontal boring machine 卧式搪孔机 
horizontal machine center 卧式加工制造中心 internal cylindrical machine 内圆磨床 
jig boring machine 冶具搪孔机 jig grinding machine 冶具磨床 
lap machine 研磨机 machine center 加工制造中心 
multi model miller 靠磨铣床 NC drilling machine NC钻床 
NC grinding machine NC磨床 NC lathe NC车床 
NC programming system NC程式制作系统 planer 龙门刨床 
profile grinding machine 投影磨床 projection grinder 投影磨床 
radial drilling machine 旋臂? shaper 牛头刨床 
surface grinder 平面磨床 try machine 试模机 
turret lathe 转塔车床 universal tool grinding machine 万能工具磨床 
vertical machine center 立式加工制造中心 wire E.D.M. 线割放电加工机

barrel 滚筒(加工) bending 波纹加工 
broaching 拉刀切削 centering 定中心 
cutting 切削 cylindrical lathe cutting 外圆车削 
electric discharge machine 放电加工 electrolytic grinding 电解研磨 
embossing 压花加工 facing 面车削 
filing 锉刀修润 hand finishing 手工修润 
hemming 卷边加工 hobbing 滚齿加工 
joggling 摇动加工 lapping 抛光/研磨修润 
laser beam machining 雷射加工 lathe cutting 车床车削 
planning 刨削加工 polishing 抛亮光 
reaming 铰孔修润 rough machining 粗切削 
rounding 圆形加工 sawing 锯削 
scaling 清除钢碇缺陷 shaping 成形加工 
skiving 表面研磨 slotting 切缝切削 
taper turning 锥度车削 thread cutting 螺纹切削 
ultrasonic machining 超音波加工 up cut milling 逆铣加工

alloy tool steel 合金工具钢 aluminium alloy 铝合金钢 
bearing alloy 轴承合金 blister steel 浸碳钢 
bonderized steel sheet 邦德防蚀钢板 carbon tool steel 碳素工具钢 
clad sheet 被覆板 clod work die steel 冷锻模用钢 
emery 金钢砂 ferrostatic pressure 钢铁水静压力 
forging die steel 锻造模用钢 galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁板 
hard alloy steel 超硬合金钢 high speed tool steel 高速度工具钢 
hot work die steel 热锻模用钢 low alloy tool steel 特殊工具钢 
low manganese casting steel 低锰铸钢 marging steel 马式体高强度热处理钢 
martrix alloy 马特里斯合金 meehanite cast iron 米汉纳铸钢 
meehanite metal 米汉纳铁 merchant iron 市售钢材 
molybdenum high speed steel 钼系高速钢 molybdenum steel 钼钢 
nickel chromium steel 镍铬钢 prehardened steel 顶硬钢 
silicon steel sheet 矽钢板 stainless steel 不锈钢 
tin plated steel sheet 镀锡铁板 tough pitch copper 韧铜 
troostite 吐粒散铁 tungsten steel ? 
vinyl tapped steel sheet 塑胶覆面钢板

acetylene 乙炔 ampere 电流安培 
angle welding 角焊 arc 电弧 
argon arc welding 氩弧焊接 bare electrode 光熔接条 
butt welding 对接焊接 camber 电弧弯曲 
cascade 阶叠熔接法 clad weld 被覆熔接 
crator 焊疤 excess metal 多余金属 
filler rod 焊条 fillet weld 填角焊接 
gas shield 气体遮蔽 groove welding 起槽熔接 
hand face shield 手握面罩 hard facing 硬表面堆焊 
jig welding 工模焊接 laser beam welding 雷射光焊接 
metal electrode insert gas welding MIG熔接 nugget 点焊熔核 
overlaying 堆焊 peening of welding 珠击熔接法 
plug welding 塞孔熔接 positioned welding 正向熔接 
pressure welding 压焊 propane gas cutting 丙烷气切割 
pure nickel electrode 纯镍熔接条 reinforcement of weld 加强焊接 
resist 抗蚀护膜 root running 背面熔接 
seam 焊缝 seaming 接合 
seam welding 流缝熔接 series seam welding 串联缝熔接 
skip welding process 跳焊法 spark 火花 
spot welding 点焊接 stitch welding 针角焊接 
stud arc welding 电弧焊接 under laying 下部焊层 
void 焊接空隙 weld flow mark 焊接流痕 
weld flush 焊缝凸起 weld line 焊接纹 
weld mark 焊接痕 weld penetration 熔接透入 
weld zone 焊接区 welding 焊接 
welding bead 焊接泡 welding direction 焊接方向 
welding distortion 焊接变形 welding flux 焊剂 
welding ground 电熔接地 welding interval 焊接周期 
welding stress 熔接应变 welding torch 熔接气炬

molding成型 
spare parts=buffer备品 
coordinate座标 
dismantle the die折模 
auxiliary fuction辅助功能 
poly-line多义线 
heater band 加热片 
thermocouple热电偶 
sand blasting喷沙 
grit 砂砾 
derusting machine除锈机 
degate打浇口 
dryer烘干机 
induction感应 
induction light感应光
response=reaction=interaction感应 
ram连杆 
edge finder巡边器 
concave 
convex 
short射料不足 
nick缺口 
speck?? 
shine亮班 
splay 银纹 
gas mark焦痕 
delamination起鳞 
cold slug冷块 
blush 导色 
gouge沟槽;凿槽 
satin texture段面咬花 
witness line证示线 
patent专利 
grit沙砾 
granule=peuet=grain细粒 
grit maker抽粒机 
cushion缓冲 
magnalium镁铝合金 
magnesium镁金 
metal plate钣金 
lathe mill 
plane 
grind 
drill 
boring 
blinster气泡 
fillet;嵌边 
through-hole form通孔形式 
voller pin formality滚针形式 
cam driver铡楔 
shank摸柄 
crank shaft曲柄轴 
augular offset角度偏差 
velocity速度
production tempo生产进度现状 
torque扭矩 
spline=the multiple keys花键 
quenching淬火 
tempering回火 
annealing退火 
carbonization碳化 
tungsten high speed steel钨高速的 
moly high speed steel钼高速的 
organic solvent有机溶剂 
bracket小磁导 
liaison联络单 
volatile挥发性 
resistance电阻 
ion离子 
titrator滴定仪 
beacon警示灯 
coolant冷却液 
crusher破碎机

 dot 
    点阵间距;点阵间隔 lattice spacing 
    点焊接 spot welding 
    醛树脂;电玉 ureaformaldehyde (UF) 
    十八画 
    断面线 cross hatching line 
    断裂 fracture 
    断路掣 miniature circuit breaker (MCB) 
     carcase 
    台夹;固定夹 bench holdfast 
    台阻 bench stop 
    台垫;垫板 bench hook 
    簧片 spring 
    简单齿轮系 simple gear train 
    简谐运动 simple harmonic motion 廿三画 
    纤维 fibre 
    纤维板 fibre board 
    纤维素醋酸酯 cellulose acetate (CA) 
    变形;扭曲 distortion 
    变速系统 speed control system 
    变压器;火牛 transformer 
    逻辑状态 logic state 
    逻辑门 logic gate 
    髓线 medullary ray 
    体积 volume 
    鹬嘴钳 snipe nose pliers 
    廿四画 
    灵敏度 sensitivity 
    廿五画 
    镶边 lipping 
    廿六画 
     drill 
    钻孔;钻削 drill; drilling 
    钻床 drilling machine 
    钻嘴 bit 
    钻头夹盘 drill chuck 
    钻头扳手 drill chuck key 
     chisel 
    凿切 chiselling 
    凿身 chisel blade 
    其它 
    G 字夹 G clamp 
    G  G code 
    M  M code 
    PN  PN junction 
    PVC 胶;聚氯乙烯 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 
    T 尺;丁字尺 tee square 
    T 字叉榫 tee bridle joint 
    T 角榫 tee angle joint 
    T 型接合 tee joint 
    V 字板 V-board 
    V 形坑带和滑轮 vee belt and pulley 
    V 形枕 V block 
    V 型槽座与钳 vee block & clamp

Assembly line组装线 
Layout布置图 
Conveyer流水线物料板 
Rivet table拉钉机 
Rivet gun拉钉枪 
Screw driver起子 
Electric screw driver电动起子 
Pneumatic screw driver气动起子 
worktable 工作桌 
OOBA开箱检查 
fit together组装在一起 
fasten锁紧(螺丝) 
fixture 夹具(治具) 
pallet栈板 
barcode条码 
barcode scanner条码扫描器 
fuse together熔合 
fuse machine热熔机 
repair修理 
operator作业员 
QC品管 
supervisor 课长 
ME制造工程师 
MT制造生技 
cosmetic inspect外观检查 
inner parts inspect内部检查 
thumb screw大头螺丝 
lbs. inch镑、英寸 
EMI gasket导电条 
front plate前板 
rear plate后板 
chassis 基座 
bezel panel面板 
power button电源按键 
reset button重置键 
Hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试 
Voltage switch of SPS 
电源电压接拉键 
sheet metal parts 冲件 
plastic parts塑胶件 
SOP制造作业程序 
material check list物料检查表 
work cell工作间 
trolley台车 
carton纸箱 
sub-line支线 
left fork叉车 
production department生产部门 
planning department企划部 
QC Section品管科 
stamping factory冲压厂 
painting factory烤漆厂 
molding factory成型厂 
common equipment常用设备 
uncoiler and straightener整平机 
punching machine 冲床 
robot机械手 
hydraulic machine油压机 
lathe车床 
planer |'plein?|刨床 
miller铣床 
grinder磨床 
driller铣床 
linear cutting线切割 
electrical sparkle电火花 
welder电焊机 
staker=reviting machine铆合机 
position职务 
president董事长 
general manager总经理 
special assistant manager特助 
factory director厂长 
department director部长 
deputy manager | =vice manager副理 
section supervisor课长 
deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长 
group leader/supervisor组长 
line supervisor线长 
assistant manager助理 
to move, to carry, to handle搬运 
be put in storage入库 
pack packing包装 
to apply oil擦油 
to file burr 锉毛刺 
final inspection终检 
to connect material接料 
to reverse material 翻料 
wet station沾湿台 
Tiana天那水 
cleaning cloth抹布 
to load material上料 
to unload material卸料 
to return material/stock to退料 
scraped |'skr?pid|报废 
scrape ..v.刮;削 
deficient purchase来料不良 
manufacture procedure制程 
deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良 
oxidation |' ksi'dei?n|氧化 
scratch刮伤 
dents压痕 
defective upsiding down抽芽不良 
defective to staking铆合不良 
embedded lump镶块 
feeding is not in place送料不到位 
stamping-missing漏冲 
production capacity生产力 
education and training教育与训练 
proposal improvement提案改善 
spare parts=buffer备件 
forklift叉车 
trailer=long vehicle拖板车 
compound die合模 
die locker锁模器 
pressure plate=plate pinch压板 
bolt螺栓 
name of a department部门名称 
administration/general affairs dept总务部 
automatic screwdriver电动启子 
thickness gauge厚薄规 
gauge(or jig)治具 
power wire电源线 
buzzle蜂鸣器 
defective product label不良标签 
identifying sheet list标示单 
screwdriver holder起子插座 
pedal踩踏板 
stopper阻挡器 
flow board流水板 
hydraulic handjack油压板车 
forklift叉车 
pallet栈板 
glove(s)手套 
glove(s) with exposed fingers割手套 
thumb大拇指 
forefinger食指 
midfinger中指 
ring finger无名指 
little finger小指 
band-aid创可贴 
iudustrial alcohol工业酒精 
alcohol container沾湿台 
head of screwdriver起子头 
sweeper扫把 
mop拖把 
vaccum cleaner吸尘器 
rag 抹布 
garbage container灰箕 
garbage can垃圾箱 
garbage bag垃圾袋 
chain链条 
jack升降机 
production line流水线 
chain链条槽 
magnetizer加磁器 
lamp holder灯架 
to mop the floor拖地 
to clean the floor扫地 
to clean a table擦桌子 
air pipe 气管 
packaging tool打包机 
packaging打包 
missing part漏件 
wrong part错件 
excessive defects过多的缺陷 
critical defect极严重缺陷 
major defect主要缺陷 
minor defect次要缺陷 
not up to standard不合规格 
dimension/size is a little bigger尺寸偏大(小) 
cosmetic defect外观不良 
slipped screwhead/slippery screw head螺丝滑头 
slipped screwhead/shippery screw thread滑手 
speckle斑点 
mildewed=moldy=mouldy发霉 
rust生锈 
deformation变形 
burr(金属)flash(塑件)毛边 
poor staking铆合不良 
excesssive gap间隙过大 
grease/oil stains油污 
inclusion杂质 
painting peel off脏污 
shrinking/shrinkage缩水 
mixed color杂色 
scratch划伤 
poor processing 制程不良 
poor incoming part事件不良 
fold of pakaging belt打包带折皱 
painting make-up补漆 
discoloration羿色 
water spots水渍 
polishing/surface processing表面处理 
exposed metal/bare metal金属裸露 
lack of painting烤漆不到位 
safety安全 
quality品质 
delivery deadline交货期 
cost成本 
engineering工程 
die repair模修 
enterprise plan = enterprise expansion projects企划 
QC品管 
die worker模工 
production, to produce生产 
equipment设备 
to start a press开机 
stop/switch off a press关机 
classification整理 
regulation整顿 
cleanness清扫 
conservation清洁 
culture教养 
qualified products, up-to-grade products良品 
defective products, not up-to-grade products不良品 
waste废料 
board看板 
feeder送料机 
sliding rack滑料架 
defective product box不良品箱 
die change 换模 
to fix a die装模 
to take apart a die拆模 
to repair a die修模 
packing material包材 
basket蝴蝶竺 
plastic basket胶筐 
isolating plate baffle plate; barricade隔板 
carton box纸箱 
to pull and stretch拉深 
to put material in place, to cut material, to input落料 
to impose lines压线 
to compress, compressing压缩 
character die字模 
to feed, feeding送料 
transportation运输 
(be)qualfied, up to grade合格 
not up to grade, not qualified不合格 
material change, stock change材料变更 
feature change 特性变更 
evaluation评估 
prepare for, make preparations for 准备 
parameters参数 
rotating speed, revolution转速 
manufacture management制造管理 
abnormal handling异常处理 
production unit生产单位 
lots of production生产批量 
steel plate钢板 
roll material卷料 
manufacture procedure制程 
operation procedure作业流程 
to revise, modify修订 
to switch over to, switch---to throw--over switching over切换 
engineering, project difficulty 
工程瓶颈 
stage die工程模 
automation自动化 
to stake, staking, reviting铆合 
add lubricating oil加润滑油 
shut die架模 
shut height of a die架模高度 
analog-mode device类模器 
die lifter举模器 
argon welding氩焊 
vocabulary for stamping 
冲压常词汇 
stamping, press冲压 
punch press, dieing out press冲床 
uncoiler & strainghtener整平机 
feeder送料机 
rack, shelf, stack料架 
cylinder油缸 
robot机械手 
taker取料机 
conveyer belt输送带 
transmission rack输送架 
top stop上死点 
bottom stop下死点 
one stroke一行程 
inch寸动 
to continue, cont.连动 
to grip(material)吸料 
location lump, locating piece, block stop 定位块 
reset复位 
smoothly顺利 
dent压痕 
scratch刮伤 
deformation变形 
filings铁削 
to draw holes抽孔 
inquiry, search for查寻 
to stock, storage, in stock库存 
receive领取 
approval examine and verify审核 
processing, to process加工 
delivery, to deliver 交货 
to return delivenry to. 
to send delinery back 
to retrn of goods退货 
registration登记 
registration card登记卡 
to control管制 
to put forward and hand in提报 
safe stock安全库存 
acceptance = receive验收 
to notice通知 
application form for purchase请购单 
consume, consumption消耗 
to fill in填写 
abrasion磨损 
reverse angle = chamfer倒角 
character die字模 
to collect, to gather收集 
failure, trouble故障 
statistics统计 
demand and supply需求 
career card履历卡 
to take apart a die卸下模具 
to load a die装上模具 
to tight a bolt拧紧螺栓 
to looser a bolt拧松螺栓 
to move away a die plate移走模板 
easily damaged parts易损件 
standard parts标准件 
breaking.(be)broken,(be)cracked 断裂 
to lubricate润滑 
common vocabulary for die engineering 
模具工程常用词汇 
die 模具 
figure file, chart file图档 
cutting die, blanking die冲裁模 
progressive die, follow (-on)die 
连续模 
compound die复合模 
punched hole冲孔 
panel board镶块 
to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边 
to bending折弯 
to pull, to stretch拉伸 
Line streching, line pulling线拉伸 
engraving, to engrave刻印 
upsiding down edges翻边 
to stake铆合 
designing, to design设计 
design modification设计变化 
die block模块 
folded block折弯块 
sliding block滑块 
location pin定位销 
lifting pin顶料销 
die plate, front board模板 
padding block垫块 
stepping bar垫条 
upper die base上模座 
lower die base下模座 
upper supporting blank上承板 
upper padding plate blank上垫板 
spare dies模具备品 
spring 弹簧 
bolt螺栓 
document folder文件夹 
file folder资料夹 
to put file in order整理资料 
spare tools location手工备品仓 
first count初盘人 
first check初盘复棹人 
second count 复盘人 
second check复盘复核人 
equipment设备 
waste materials废料 
work in progress product在制品 
casing = containerazation装箱 
quantity of physical invetory second count 复盘点数量 
quantity of customs count 
会计师盘,点数量 
the first page第一联 
filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查 
end-user/using unit(department)使用单位 
summary of year-end physical inventory bills 
年终盘点截止单据汇总表 
bill name单据名称 
This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting 
department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial 
department) 
本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部-(NHK厂区送财会部) 
Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and 
physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用-状况明细表 
blank and waste sheet NO. 
空白与作废单号 
plate电镀 
mold成型 
material for engineering mold testing工程试模材料 
not included in physical inventory不列入盘点 
sample样品 
incoming material to be inspected进货待验 
description品名 
steel/rolled steel钢材 
material statistics sheet 
物料统计明细表 
meeting minutes会议记录 
meeting type 会别 
distribution department分发单位 
location地点 
chairman主席 
present members出席人员 
subject主题 
conclusion结论 
decision items决议事项 
responsible department负责单位 
pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日 
approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办 
PCE assembly production schedule sheet 
PCE组装厂生产排配表 
model机锺 
work order工令 
revision版次 
remark备注 
production control confirmation生产确认 
checked by初审 
approved by核准 
department部门 
stock age analysis sheet 
库存货龄分析表 
on-hand inventory现有库存 
available material良品可使用 
obsolete material良品已呆滞 
to be inspected or reworked 
待验或重工 
total合计 
cause description原因说明 
part number/ P/N 料号 
type形态 
item/group/class类别 
quality品质 
prepared by制表 
notes说明 
year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 
年终盘点差异分析表 
physical inventory盘点数量 
physical count quantity帐面数量 
difference quantity差异量 
cause analysis原因分析 
raw materials原料 
materials物料 
finished product成品 
semi-finished product半成品 
packing materials包材 
good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品 
defective product/non-good parts不良品 
disposed goods处理品 
warehouse/hub仓库 
on way location在途仓 
oversea location海外仓 
spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单 
spare molds location模具备品仓 
skid/pallet栈板 
tox machine自铆机 
wire EDM线割 
EDM放电机 
coil stock卷料 
sheet stock片料 
tolerance工差 
score=groove压线 
cam block滑块 
pilot导正筒 
trim剪外边 
pierce剪内边 
drag form压锻差 
pocket for the punch head挂钩槽 
slug hole废料孔 
feature die公母模 
expansion dwg展开图 
radius半径 
shim(wedge)楔子 
torch-flame cut火焰切割 
set screw止付螺丝 
form block折刀 
stop pin定位销 
round pierce punch=die button圆冲子 
shape punch=die insert异形子 
stock locater block定位块 
under cut=scrap chopper清角 
active plate活动板 
baffle plate挡块 
cover plate盖板 
male die公模 
female die母模 
groove punch压线冲子 
air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆 
spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板 
bushing block衬套 
insert 入块 
club car高尔夫球车 
capability能力 
parameter参数 
factor系数 
phosphate皮膜化成 
viscosity涂料粘度 
alkalidipping脱脂 
main manifold主集流脉 
bezel斜视规 
blanking穿落模 
dejecting顶固模 
demagnetization去磁;消磁 
high-speed transmission高速传递 
heat dissipation热传 
rack上料 
degrease脱脂 
rinse水洗 
alkaline etch龄咬 
desmut剥黑膜 
D.I. rinse纯水次 
Chromate铬酸处理 
Anodize阳性处理 
seal封孔 
revision版次 
part number/P/N料号 
good products良品 
scraped products报放心品 
defective products不良品 
finished products成品 
disposed products处理品 
barcode条码 
flow chart流程表单 
assembly组装 
stamping冲压 
molding成型 
spare parts=buffer备品 
coordinate座标 
dismantle the die折模 
auxiliary fuction辅助功能 
poly-line多义线 
heater band 加热片 
thermocouple热电偶 
sand blasting喷沙 
grit 砂砾 
derusting machine除锈机 
degate打浇口 
dryer烘干机 
induction感应 
induction light感应光 
response=reaction=interaction感应 
ram连杆 
edge finder巡边器 
concave凸 
convex凹 
short射料不足 
nick缺口 
speck瑕?? 
shine亮班 
splay 银纹 
gas mark焦痕 
delamination起鳞 
cold slug冷块 
blush 导色 
gouge沟槽;凿槽 
satin texture段面咬花 
witness line证示线 
patent专利 
grit沙砾 
granule=peuet=grain细粒 
grit maker抽粒机 
cushion缓冲 
magnalium镁铝合金 
magnesium镁金 
metal plate钣金 
lathe车 
mill锉 
plane刨 
grind磨 
drill铝 
boring镗 
blinster气泡 
fillet镶;嵌边 
through-hole form通孔形式 
voller pin formality滚针形式 
cam driver铡楔 
shank摸柄 
crank shaft曲柄轴 
augular offset角度偏差 
velocity速度 
production tempo生产进度现状 
torque扭矩 
spline=the multiple keys花键 
quenching淬火 
tempering回火 
annealing退火 
carbonization碳化 
alloy合金 
tungsten high speed steel钨高速的 
moly high speed steel钼高速的 
organic solvent有机溶剂 
bracket小磁导 
liaison联络单 
volatile挥发性 
resistance电阻 
ion离子 
titrator滴定仪 
beacon警示灯 
coolant冷却液 
crusher破碎机 
模具工程类 
plain die简易模 
pierce die冲孔模 
forming die成型模 
progressive die连续模 
gang dies复合模 
shearing die剪边模 
riveting die铆合模 
pierce冲孔 
forming成型(抽凸,冲凸) 
draw hole抽孔 
bending折弯 
trim切边 
emboss凸点 
dome凸圆 
semi-shearing半剪 
stamp mark冲记号 
deburr or coin压毛边 
punch riveting冲压铆合 
side stretch侧冲压平 
reel stretch卷圆压平 
groove压线 
blanking下料 
stamp letter冲字(料号) 
shearing剪断 
tick-mark nearside正面压印 
tick-mark farside反面压印 
冲压名称类 
extension dwg展开图 
procedure dwg工程图 
die structure dwg模具结构图 
material材质 
material thickness料片厚度 
factor系数 
upward向上 
downward向下 
press specification冲床规格 
die height range适用模高 
die height闭模高度 
burr毛边 
gap间隙 
weight重量 
total wt.总重量 
punch wt.上模重量 
五金零件类 
inner guiding post内导柱 
inner hexagon screw内六角螺钉 
dowel pin固定销 
coil spring弹簧 
lifter pin顶料销 
eq-height sleeves=spool等高套筒 
pin销 
lifter guide pin浮升导料销 
guide pin导正销 
wire spring圆线弹簧 
outer guiding post外导柱 
stop screw止付螺丝 
located pin定位销 
outer bush外导套 
模板类 
top plate上托板(顶板) 
top block上垫脚 
punch set上模座 
punch pad上垫板 
punch holder上夹板 
stripper pad脱料背板 
up stripper上脱料板 
male die公模(凸模) 
feature die公母模 
female die母模(凹模) 
upper plate上模板 
lower plate下模板 
die pad下垫板 
die holder下夹板 
die set下模座 
bottom block下垫脚 
bottom plate下托板(底板) 
stripping plate内外打(脱料板) 
outer stripper外脱料板 
inner stripper内脱料板 
lower stripper下脱料板 
零件类 
punch冲头 
insert入块(嵌入件) 
deburring punch压毛边冲子 
groove punch压线冲子 
stamped punch字模冲子 
round punch圆冲子 
special shape punch异形冲子 
bending block折刀 
roller滚轴 
baffle plate挡块 
located block定位块 
supporting block for location 
定位支承块 
air cushion plate气垫板 
air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆 
trimming punch切边冲子 
stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子 
ribbon punch压筋冲子 
reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子 
guide plate定位板 
sliding block滑块 
sliding dowel block滑块固定块 
active plate活动板 
lower sliding plate下滑块板 
upper holder block上压块 
upper mid plate上中间板 
spring box弹簧箱 
spring-box eject-rod弹簧箱顶杆 
spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板 
bushing bolck衬套 
cover plate盖板 
guide pad导料块 
塑件&模具相关英文 
compre sion molding压缩成型 
flash mold溢流式模具 
plsitive mold挤压式模具 
split mold分割式模具 
cavity型控 母模 
core模心 公模 
taper锥拔 
leather cloak仿皮革 
shiver饰纹 
flow mark流痕 
welding mark溶合痕 
post screw insert螺纹套筒埋值 
self tapping screw自攻螺丝 
striper plate脱料板 
piston活塞 
cylinder汽缸套 
chip细碎物 
handle mold手持式模具 
移转成型用模具 
encapsulation molding低压封装成型 
射出成型用模具 
two plate两极式(模具) 
well type蓄料井 
insulated runner绝缘浇道方式 
hot runner热浇道 
runner plat浇道模块 
valve gate阀门浇口 
band heater环带状的电热器 
spindle阀针 
spear head刨尖头 
slag well冷料井 
cold slag冷料渣 
air vent排气道 
h=0.02~0.05mm
w=3.2mm
L=3~5mm
welding line熔合痕 
eject pin顶出针 
knock pin顶出销 
return pin回位销反顶针 
sleave套筒 
stripper plate脱料板 
insert core放置入子 
runner stripper plate浇道脱料板 
guide pin导销 
eject rod (bar)(成型机)顶业捧 
subzero深冷处理 
three plate三极式模具 
runner system浇道系统 
stress crack应力电裂 
orientation定向 
sprue gate射料浇口,直浇口 
nozzle射嘴 
sprue lock pin料头钩销(拉料杆) 
slag well冷料井 
side gate侧浇口 
edge gate侧缘浇口 
tab gate搭接浇口 
film gate薄膜浇口 
flash gate闸门浇口 
slit gate缝隙浇口 
fan gate扇形浇口 
dish gate因盘形浇口 
H=F=1/2t~1/5t 
T=2.5~3.5mm
diaphragm gate隔膜浇口 
ring gate环形浇口 
subarine gate潜入式浇口 
tunnel gate隧道式浇口 
pin gate针点浇口 
Φ0.8~1.0mm
Runner less无浇道 
(sprue less)无射料管方式 
long nozzle延长喷嘴方式 
sprue浇口;溶渣

品质人员名称类 
QC quality control 品质管理人员 
FQC final quality control 终点品质管制人员 
IPQC in process quality control 制程中的品质管制人员 
OQC output quality control 最终出货品质管制人员 
IQC incoming quality control 进料品质管制人员 
TQC total quality control 全面质量管理 
POC passage quality control 段检人员 
QA quality assurance 质量保证人员 
OQA output quality assurance 出货质量保证人员 
QE quality engineering 品质工程人员 
品质保证类 
FAI first article inspection 新品首件检查 
FAA first article assurance 首件确认 
TVR tool verification report 模具确认报告 
3B 3B 模具正式投产前确认 
CP capability index 能力指数 
CPK capability index of process 模具制程能力参数 
SSQA standardized supplier quality 合格供应商品质评估 
OOBA out of box audit 开箱检查 
QFD quality function deployment 品质机能展开 
FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析 
8 disciplines 8项回复内容 
FA final audit 最後一次稽核 
CAR corrective action request 改正行动要求 
corrective action report 改正行动报告 
FQC运作类 
AQL Acceptable Quality Level 运作类允收品质水准 
S/S Sample size 抽样检验样本大小 
ACC Accept 允收 
REE Reject 拒收 
CR Critical 极严重的 
MAJ Major 主要的 
MIN Minor 轻微的 
AOQ Average Output Quality 平均出厂品质 
AOQL Average Output Quality Level 平均出厂品质 
Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service 品质/可靠度服务 
MIL-STD Military-Standard 军用标准 
S I-S IV Special I-Special IV 特殊抽样水准等级 
P/N Part Number 料号 
L/N Lot Number 特采 
AOD Accept On Deviation 特采 
UAI Use As It 首件检查报告 
FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 百万分之一 
PPM Percent Per Million 批号 
制程统计品管专类 
SPC Statistical Process Control 统计制程管制 
SQC Statistical Quality Control 统计品质管制 
R Range 全距 
AR Averary Range 全距平均值 
UCL Upper Central Limit 管制上限 
LCL Lower Central Limit 管制下限 
MAX Maximum 最大值 
MIN Minimum 最小值 
GRR Gauge Reproducibility&Repeatability 量具之再制性及重测性判断量可靠与否 
DIM Dimension 尺寸 
DIA Diameter 直径 
FREQ Frequency 频率 
N Number 样品数 
其它品质术语类 
QCC Quality Control Circle 品质圈 
QIT Quality Improvement Team 品质改善小组 
PDCA Plan Do Check Action 计划 执行 检查 总结 
ZD Zero Defect 零缺点 
QI Quality Improvement 品质改善 
QP Quality Policy 目标方针 
TQM Total Quality Management 全面品质管理 
MRB Material Reject Bill 退货单 
LQL Limiting Quality Level 最低品质水准 
RMA Return Material Audit 退料认可 
QAN Quality Amelionrate Notice 品质改善活动 
ADM Absolute Dimension Measuremat 全尺寸测量 
QT Quality Target 品质目标 
7QCTools 7 Quality Controll Tools 品管七大手法 
通用之件类 
ECN Engineering Change Notes 工程变更通知(供应商) 
ECO Engineering Change Order 工程改动要求(客户) 
PCN Process Change Notice 工序改动通知 
PMP Product Management Plan 生产管制计划 
SIP Specification In Process 制程检验规格 
SOP Standard Operation Procedure 制造作业规范 
IS Inspection Specification 成品检验规范 
BOM Bill Of Material 物料清单 
PS Package Specification 包装规范 
SPEC Specification 规格 
DWG Drawing 图面 
系统文件类 
QC Quality System 品质系统 
ES Engineering Standarization 工程标准 
CGOO China General PCE龙华厂文件 
H Huston (美国)休斯敦 
C Compaq (美国)康伯公司 
C China 中国大陆 
A Assembly 组装(厂) 
S Stamping 冲压(厂) 
P Painting 烤漆(厂) 
I Intel 英特尔公司 
T TAIWAN 台湾 
IWS International Workman Standard 工艺标准 
ISO International Standard Organization 国际标准化组织 
GS General Specification 一般规格 
CMCS C-China M-Manufact C-Compaq S-Stamping Compaq产品在龙华冲压厂制造作业规范 
CQCA Q-Quality A-Assembly Compaq产品在龙华组装厂品管作业规范 
CQCP P-Painting Compaq产品在龙华烤漆厂品管作业规范 
部类 
PMC Production & Material Control 生产和物料控制 
PPC Production Plan Control 生产计划控制 
MC Material Control 物料控制 
ME Manafacture Engineering 制造工程部 
PE Project Engineering 产品工程部 
A/C Accountant Dept 会计部 
P/A Personal & Administration 人事行政部 
DC Document Center 资料中心 
QE Quality Engineering 品质工程(部) 
QA Quality Assurance 品质保证(处) 
QC Quality Control 品质管制(课) 
PD Product Department 生产部 
LAB Labratry 实验室 
IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程 
R&D Research & Design 设计开发部 
P Painting 烤漆(厂) 
A Asssembly 组装(厂) 
S Stamping 冲压(厂) 
生产类 
PCS Pieces 个(根,块等) 
PRS Pairs 双(对等) 
CTN Carton 卡通箱 
PAL Pallet/skid 栈板 
PO Purchasing Order 采购订单 
MO Manufacture Order 生产单 
D/C Date Code 生产日期码 
ID/C Identification Code (供应商)识别码 
SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求 
L/N Lot Number 批号 
P/N Part Number 料号 
其它 
OEM Original Equipment Manufacture 原设备制造 
PCE Personal Computer Enclosure 个人电脑外设 
PC Personal Computer 个人电脑 
CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器 
SECC SECC` 电解片 
SGCC SGCC 热浸镀锌材料 
NHK North of Hongkong 中国大陆 
PRC People's Republic of China 中国大陆 
U.S.A the United States of America 美国 
A.S.A.P As Soon As Possible 尽可能快的 
E-MAIL Electrical-Mail 电子邮件 
N/A Not Applicable 不适用 
QTY Quantity 数量 
VS 以及 
REV Revision 版本 
JIT Just In Time 零库存 
I/O Input/Output 输入/输出 
OK Ok 好 
NG Not Good 不行,不合格 
C=0 Critical=0 极严重不允许 
ESD Electry-static Discharge 静电排放 
5S 希腊语 整理,整顿,清扫,清洁,教养 
ATIN Attention 知会 
CC Carbon Copy 副本复印相关人员 
APP Approve 核准,认可,承认 
CHK Check 确认 
AM Ante Meridian 上午 
PM Post Meridian 下午 
CD Compact Disk 光碟 
CD-ROM Compact Disk Read-Only Memory 只读光碟 
FDD Floppy Disk Drive 软碟机 
HDD Hard Disk Drive 碟碟机 
REF Reference 仅供参考 
CONN Connector 连接器 
CAV Cavity 模穴 
CAD Computer Aid Design 计算机辅助设计 
ASS'Y Assembly 装配,组装 
MAT'S Material 材料 
IC Integrated Circuit 集成电路 
T/P True Position 真位度 
TYP Type 类型 
WDR Weekly Delivery Requitement 周出货需求 
C?T Cycle Time 制程周期 
L/T Lead Time 前置时间(生产前准备时间) 
S/T Standard Time 标准时间 
P/M Product Market 产品市场 
3CComputer,Commumcation,Consumer electronic's 消费性电子 
5WIH When,Where,Who,What,Why,How to 
5MMan,Machine,Material,Method,Measurement 
4MIH Man,Materia,Money,Method,Time 人力,物力,财务,技术,时间(资源) 
SQA Strategy Quality Assurance 策略品质保证 
DQA Desigh Quality Assurance 设计品质保证 
MQA Manufacture Quality Assurance 制造品质保证 
SSQA Sales and service Quality Assurance 销售及服务品质保证 
LRR Lot Rejeet Rate 批退率 
BS Brain storming 脑力激荡 
EMI Electronic Magnetion Inspect 高磁测试 
FMI Frequency Modulatim Inspect 高频测试 
B/M Boar/Molding(flat cable) 
C/P Connector of PC 
A/P Assembly 
SPS Switching power supply 电源箱 
DT Desk Top 卧式(机箱) 
MT Mini-Tower 立式(机箱) 
DVD Digital Vedio Disk 
VCD Vdeio Compact Disk 
LCD Liquid Crystal Display 
CAD Computer AID Design 
CAM Computer AID Manufacturing 
CAE Computer AID Engineering 
ABIOS Achanced Basic in put/output system 先进的基本输入/输出系统 
CMOS Complemeruary Metoll Oxide Semiconductor 互补金属氧化物半导体 
PDA Personal Digital Assistant 个人数字助理 
IC Integrated Circuit 集成电路 
ISA Industry Standard Architecture 工业标准体制结构 
MCA Micro Channel Architecture 微通道结构 
EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture 扩充的工业标准结构 
SIMM Single in-line memory module 单项导通汇流组件 
DIMM Dual in-line Memory Module 双项导通汇流组件 
LED Light-Emitting Diode 发光二级管 
FMEA Failure Mode Effectivenes 失效模式分析 
W/H Wire Harness 金属线绪束集组件 
F/C Flat Calle 排线 
PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板 
CAR Correction Action Report 改善报告 
NG Not Good 不良 
WPR Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出货要求 
PPM Parts Per Million 百万分之一 
TPM Total Production Maintenance 全面生产保养 
MRP Material Requiremcnt Planning 物料需计划 
OC Operation System 作业系统 
TBA To Be Design 待定,定缺 
D/C Drawing Change 
P/P Plans & Procedune 
EMI Electrical-Music Industry 电子音乐工业 
RFI Read Frequency Input 读频输入 
MMC Maximum Material Condition 
MMS Maximum Material Size 
LMC Least Material Condition 
LMS Least Material Size


模具技术用语 
各种模具常用成形方式 
accurate die casting 精密压铸 
powder forming 粉末成形 
calendaring molding 压延成形 
powder metal forging 粉末锻造 
cold chamber die casting 冷式压铸 
precision forging 精密锻造 
cold forging 冷锻 
press forging 冲锻 
compacting molding 粉末压出成形 
rocking die forging 摇动锻造 
compound molding 复合成形 
rotary forging 回转锻造 
compression molding 压缩成形 
rotational molding 离心成形 
dip mold 浸渍成形 
rubber molding 橡胶成形 
encapsulation molding 注入成形 
sand mold casting 砂模铸造 
extrusion molding 挤出成形 
shell casting 壳模铸造 
foam forming ?泡成形 
sinter forging 烧结锻造 
forging roll 轧锻 
six sides forging 六面锻造 
gravity casting 重力铸造 
slush molding 凝塑成形 
hollow(blow) molding 中空(吹出)成形 
squeeze casting 高压铸造 
hot chamber die casting 热室压铸 
swaging 挤锻 
hot forging 热锻 
transfer molding 转送成形 
injection molding 射出成形 
warm forging 温锻 
investment casting 精密铸造 
matched die method 对模成形法 
laminating method 被覆淋膜成形 
low pressure casting 低压铸造 
lost wax casting 脱蜡铸造 
matched mould thermal forming 对模热成形模

各式模具分类用语 
bismuth mold 铋铸模 
landed plunger mold 有肩柱塞式模具 
burnishing die 挤光模 
landed positive mold 有肩全压式模具 
button die 镶入式圆形凹模 
loading shoe mold 料套式模具 
center-gated mold 中心浇口式模具 
loose detail mold 活零件模具 
chill mold 冷硬用铸模 
loose mold 活动式模具 
clod hobbing 冷挤压制模 
ouvering die 百叶窗冲切模 
composite dies 复合模具 
manifold die 分歧管模具 
counter punch 反凸模 
modular mold 组合式模具 
double stack mold 双层模具 
multi-cavity mold 多模穴模具 
electroformed mold 电铸成形模 
multi-gate mold 复式浇口模具 
expander die 扩径模 
offswt bending die 双折冷弯模具 
extrusion die 挤出模 
palletizing die 叠层模 
family mold 反套制品模具 
plaster mold 石膏模 
blank through dies 漏件式落料模 
porous mold 通气性模具 
duplicated cavity plate 复板模 
positive mold 全压式模具 
fantail die 扇尾形模具 
pressure die 压紧模 
fishtail die 鱼尾形模具 
profile die 轮廓模 
flash mold 溢料式模具 
progressive die 顺序模 
gypsum mold 石膏铸模 
protable mold 手提式模具 
hot-runner mold 热流道模具 
prototype mold 雏形试验模具 
ingot mold 钢锭模 
punching die 落料模 
lancing die 切口模 
raising(embossing) 压花起伏成形 
re-entrant mold 倒角式模具 
sectional die 拼合模 
runless injection mold 无流道冷料模具 
sectional die 对合模具 
segment mold 组合模 
semi-positive mold 半全压式模具 
shaper 定型模套 
single cavity mold 单腔模具 
solid forging die 整体锻模 
split forging die 拼合锻模 
split mold 双并式模具 
sprueless mold 无注道残料模具 
squeezing die 挤压模 
stretch form die 拉伸成形模 
sweeping mold 平刮铸模 
swing die 振动模具 
three plates mold 三片式模具 
trimming die 切边模 
unit mold 单元式模具 
universal mold 通用模具 
unscrewing mold 退扣式模具 
yoke type die 轭型模

模具厂常用之标准零配件 
air vent vale 通气阀 anchor pin 锚梢 
angular pin 角梢 baffle 调节阻板 
angular pin 倾斜梢 baffle plate 折流档板 
ball button 球塞套 ball plunger 定位球塞 
ball slider 球塞滑块 binder plate 压板 
blank holder 防皱压板 blanking die 落料冲头 
bolster 上下模板 bottom board 浇注底板 
bolster 垫板 bottom plate 下固定板 
bracket 托架 bumper block 缓冲块 
buster 堵口 casting ladle 浇注包 
casting lug 铸耳 cavity 模穴(模仁) 
cavity retainer plate 模穴托板 center pin 中心梢 
clamping block 锁定块 coil spring 螺旋弹簧 
cold punched nut 冷冲螺母 cooling spiral 螺旋冷却栓 
core 心型 core pin 心型梢 
cotter 开口梢 cross 十字接头 
cushion pin 缓冲梢 diaphragm gate 盘形浇口 
die approach 模头料道 die bed 型底 
die block 块形模体 die body 铸模座 
die bush 合模衬套 die button 冲模母模 
die clamper 夹模器 die fastener 模具固定用零件 
die holder 母模固定板 die lip 模唇 
die plate 冲模板 die set 冲压模座 
direct gate 直接浇口 dog chuck 爪牙夹头 
dowel 定位梢 dowel hole 导套孔 
dowel pin 合模梢 dozzle 辅助浇口 
dowel pin 定位梢 draft 拔模锥度 
draw bead 张力调整杆 drive bearing 传动轴承 
ejection pad 顶出衬垫 ejector 脱模器 
ejector guide pin 顶出导梢 ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套 
ejector pad 顶出垫 ejector pin 顶出梢 
ejector plate 顶出板 ejector rod 顶出杆 
ejector sleeve 顶出衬套 ejector valve 顶出阀 
eye bolt 环首螺栓 filling core 椿入蕊 
film gate 薄膜形浇口 finger pin 指形梢 
finish machined plate 角形模板 finish machined round plate 圆形模板 
fixed bolster plate 固定侧模板 flanged pin 带凸缘? 
flash gate 毛边形浇口 flask 上箱 
floating punch 浮动冲头 gate 浇口 
gate land 浇口面 gib 凹形拉紧? 
goose neck 鹅颈管 guide bushing 引导衬套 
guide pin 导梢 guide post 引导柱 
guide plate 导板 guide rail 导轨 
head punch 顶?冲头 headless punch 直柄冲头 
heavily tapered solid 整体模蕊盒 hose nippler 管接头 
impact damper 缓冲器 injection ram 压射柱塞 
inlay busher 嵌入衬套 inner plunger 内柱塞 
inner punch 内冲头 insert 嵌件 
insert pin 嵌件梢 king pin 转向梢 
king pin bush 主梢衬套 knockout bar 脱模杵 
land 合模平坦面 land area 合模面 
leader busher 导梢衬套 lifting pin 起模顶? 
lining 内衬 locating center punch 定位中心冲头 
locating pilot pin 定位导梢 locating ring 定位环 
lock block 压块 locking block 定位块 
locking plate 定位板 loose bush 活动衬套 
making die 打印冲子 manifold block 歧管档块 
master plate 靠模样板 match plate 分型板 
mold base 塑胶模座 mold clamp 铸模紧固夹 
mold platen 模用板 moving bolster 换模保持装置 
moving bolster plate 可动侧模板 one piece casting 整体铸件 
parallel block 平行垫块 paring line 分模线 
parting lock set 合模定位器 pass guide 穴型导板 
peened head punch 镶入式冲头 pilot pin 导? 
pin gate 针尖浇口 plate 衬板 
pre extrusion punch 顶挤冲头 punch 冲头 
puncher 推杆 pusher pin 衬套梢 
rack 机架 rapping rod 起模杆 
re-entrant mold 凹入模 retainer pin 嵌件梢 
retainer plate 托料板 return pin 回位梢 
riding stripper 浮动脱模器 ring gate 环型浇口 
roller 滚筒 runner 流道 
runner ejector set 流道顶出器 runner lock pin 流道拉梢 
screw plug 头塞 set screw 固定螺丝 
shedder 脱模装置 shim 分隔片 
shoe 模座之上下模板 shoot 流道 
shoulder bolt 肩部螺丝 skeleton 骨架 
slag riser 冒渣口 slide(slide core) 滑块 
slip joint 滑配接头 spacer block 间隔块 
spacer ring 间隔环 spider 模蕊支架 
spindle 主轴 sprue 注道 
sprue bushing 注道衬套 sprue bushing guide 注道导套 
sprue lock bushing 注道定位衬套 sprue puller 注道拉料? 
spue line 合模线 square key 方键 
square nut 方螺帽 square thread 方螺纹 
stop collar 限位套 stop pin 止动梢 
stop ring 止动环 stopper 定位停止梢 
straight pin 圆柱? stripper bolt 脱料螺栓 
stripper bushing 脱模衬套 stripper plate 剥料板 
stroke end block 行程止梢 submarine gate 潜入式浇口 
support pillar 支撑支柱/顶出支柱 support pin 支撑梢 
supporting plate 托板 sweep templete 造模刮板 
tab gate 辅助浇口 taper key 推拔键 
taper pin 拔锥梢/锥形梢 teeming 浇注 
three start screw 三条螺纹 thrust pin 推力销 
tie bar 拉杵 tunnel gate 隧道形浇口 
vent 通气孔 wortle plate 拉丝模板

模具常用之工作机械 
3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床 boring machine 搪孔机 
cnc milling machine CNC铣床 contouring machine 轮廓锯床 
copy grinding machine 仿形磨床 copy lathe 仿形车床 
copy milling machine 仿形铣床 copy shaping machine 仿形刨床 
cylindrical grinding machine 外圆磨床 die spotting machine 合模机 
drilling machine ?孔机 engraving machine 雕刻机 
engraving E.D.M. 雕模放置加工机 form grinding machine 成形磨床 
graphite machine 石墨加工机 horizontal boring machine 卧式搪孔机 
horizontal machine center 卧式加工制造中心 internal cylindrical machine 内圆磨床

jig boring machine 冶具搪孔机 jig grinding machine 冶具磨床 
lap machine 研磨机 machine center 加工制造中心 
multi model miller 靠磨铣床 NC drilling machine NC钻床 
NC grinding machine NC磨床 NC lathe NC车床 
NC programming system NC程式制作系统 planer 龙门刨床 
profile grinding machine 投影磨床 projection grinder 投影磨床 
radial drilling machine 旋臂?床 shaper 牛头刨床 
surface grinder 平面磨床 try machine 试模机 
turret lathe 转塔车床 universal tool grinding machine 万能工具磨床 
vertical machine center 立式加工制造中心 wire E.D.M. 线割放电加工机

检验量测工具用语 
autocollimator 自动准直机 bench comparator 比长仪 
block gauge 块规 bore check 精密小测定器 
calibration 校准 caliper gauge 卡规 
check gauge 校对规 clearance gauge 间隙规 
clinoretee 测斜仪 comparator 比测仪 
cylinder square 圆筒直尺 depth gauge 测深规 
dial indicator 针盘指示表 dial snap gauge 卡规 
digital micrometer 数位式测微计 feeler gauge 测隙规 
gauge plate 量规定位板 height gauge 测高规 
inside calipers 诳ㄇ?inside micrometer 内分??卡 
interferometer 干涉仪 leveling block 平台 
limit gauge 限规 micrometer 测微计 
mil 千分之一寸 monometer 压力计 
morse taper gauge 莫氏锥度量规 nonius 游标卡尺 
optical flat 光学平晶 optical parallel 光学平行 
passimeter 内径仪 position scale 位置刻度 
profile projector 轮廓光学投影仪 protractor 分角器 
radius 半径 ring gauge 环规 
sine bar 正弦量规 snap gauge 卡模 
square master 直角尺 stylus 触针 
telescopic gauge 伸缩性量规 working gauge 工作量规

模具钢材 
alloy tool steel 合金工具钢 aluminium alloy 铝合金钢 
bearing alloy 轴承合金 blister steel 浸碳钢 
bonderized steel sheet 邦德防蚀钢板 carbon tool steel 碳素工具钢 
clad sheet 被覆板 clod work die steel 冷锻模用钢 
emery 金钢砂 ferrostatic pressure 钢铁水静压力 
forging die steel 锻造模用钢 galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁板 
hard alloy steel 超硬合金钢 high speed tool steel 高速度工具钢 
hot work die steel 热锻模用钢 low alloy tool steel 特殊工具钢 
low manganese casting steel 低锰铸钢 marging steel 马式体高强度热处理钢 
martrix alloy 马特里斯合金 meehanite cast iron 米汉纳铸钢 
meehanite metal 米汉纳铁 merchant iron 市售钢材 
molybdenum high speed steel 钼系高速钢 molybdenum steel 钼钢 
nickel chromium steel 镍铬钢 prehardened steel 顶硬钢 
silicon steel sheet 矽钢板 stainless steel 不锈钢 
tin plated steel sheet 镀锡铁板 tough pitch copper 韧铜 
troostite 吐粒散铁 tungsten steel ?钢 
vinyl tapped steel sheet 塑胶覆面钢板

表面处理关连用语 
age hardening 时效硬化 ageing 老化处理 
air hardening 气体硬化 air patenting 空气韧化 
annealing 退火 anode effect 阳极效应 
anodizing 阳极氧化处理 atomloy treatment 阿托木洛伊表面 
austempering 奥氏体等温淬火 austenite 奥斯田体/奥氏体 
bainite 贝氏体 banded structure 条纹状组织 
barrel plating 滚镀 barrel tumbling 滚筒打光 
blackening 染黑法 blue shortness 青熟脆性 
bonderizing 磷酸盐皮膜处理 box annealing 箱型退火 
box carburizing 封箱渗碳 bright electroplating 辉面电镀 
bright heat treatment 光辉热处理 bypass heat treatment 旁路热处理 
carbide 炭化物 carburized case depth 浸碳硬化深层 
carburizing 渗碳 cementite 炭化铁 
chemical plating 化学电镀 chemical vapor deposition 化学蒸镀 
coarsening 结晶粒粗大化 coating 涂布被覆 
cold shortness 低温脆性 comemtite 渗碳体 
controlled atmosphere 大气热处理 corner effect 锐角效应 
creeping discharge 蠕缓放电 decarburization 脱碳处理 
decarburizing 脱碳退火 depth of hardening 硬化深层 
diffusion 扩散 diffusion annealing 扩散退火 
electrolytic hardening 电解淬火 embossing 压花 
etching 表面蚀刻 ferrite 肥粒铁 
first stage annealing 第一段退火 flame hardening 火焰硬化 
flame treatment 火焰处理 full annealing 完全退火 
gaseous cyaniding 气体氧化法 globular cementite 球状炭化铁 
grain size 结晶粒度 granolite treatment 磷酸溶液热处理 
graphitizing 石墨退火 hardenability 硬化性 
hardenability curve 硬化性曲线 hardening 硬化 
heat treatment 热处理 hot bath quenching 热浴淬火 
hot dipping 热浸镀 induction hardening 高周波硬化 
ion carbonitriding 离子渗碳氮化 ion carburizing 离子渗碳处理 
ion plating 离子电镀 isothermal annealing 等温退火 
liquid honing 液体喷砂法 low temperature annealing 低温退火 
malleablizing 可锻化退火 martempering 麻回火处理 
martensite 马氏体/硬化铁炭 metallikon 金属喷镀法 
metallizing 真空涂膜 nitriding 氮化处理 
nitrocarburizing 软氮化 normalizing 正常化 
oil quenching 油淬化 overageing 过老化 
overheating 过热 pearlite 针尖组织 
phosphating 磷酸盐皮膜处理 physical vapor deposition 物理蒸镀 
plasma nitriding 离子氮化 pre-annealing 预备退火 
precipitation 析出 precipitation hardening 析出硬化 
press quenching 加压硬化 process annealing 制程退火 
quench ageing 淬火老化 quench hardening 淬火 
quenching crack 淬火裂痕 quenching distortion 淬火变形 
quenching stress 淬火应力 reconditioning 再调质 
recrystallization 再结晶 red shortness 红热脆性 
residual stress 残留应力 retained austenite 残留奥 
rust prevention 防蚀 salt bath quenching 盐浴淬火 
sand blast 喷砂处理 seasoning 时效处理 
second stage annealing 第二段退火 secular distortion 经年变形 
segregation 偏析 selective hardening 部分淬火 
shot blast 喷丸处理 shot peening 珠击法 
single stage nitriding 等温渗氮 sintering 烧结处理 
soaking 均热处理 softening 软化退火 
solution treatment 固溶化热处理 spheroidizing 球状化退火 
stabilizing treatment 安定化处理 straightening annealing 矫直退火 
strain ageing 应变老化 stress relieving annealing 应力消除退火 
subzero treatment 生冷处理 supercooling 过冷 
surface hardening 表面硬化处理 temper brittleness 回火脆性 
temper colour 回火颜色 tempering 回火 
tempering crack 回火裂痕 texture 咬花 
thermal refining 调质处理 thermoechanical treatment 加工热处理 
time quenching 时间淬火 transformation 变态 
tufftride process 软氮化处理 under annealing 不完全退火 
vacuum carbonitriding 真空渗碳氮化 vacuum carburizing 真空渗碳处理 
vacuum hardening 真空淬火 vacuum heat treatment 真空热处理 
vacuum nitriding 真空氮化 water quenching 水淬火 
wetout 浸润处理

焊接用语 
acetylene 乙炔 ampere 电流安培 
angle welding 角焊 arc 电弧 
argon arc welding 氩弧焊接 bare electrode 光熔接条 
butt welding 对接焊接 camber 电弧弯曲 
cascade 阶叠熔接法 clad weld 被覆熔接 
crator 焊疤 excess metal 多余金属 
filler rod 焊条 fillet weld 填角焊接 
gas shield 气体遮蔽 groove welding 起槽熔接 
hand face shield 手握面罩 hard facing 硬表面堆焊 
jig welding 工模焊接 laser beam welding 雷射光焊接 
metal electrode insert gas welding MIG熔接 nugget 点焊熔核 
overlaying 堆焊 peening of welding 珠击熔接法 
plug welding 塞孔熔接 positioned welding 正向熔接 
pressure welding 压焊 propane gas cutting 丙烷气切割 
pure nickel electrode 纯镍熔接条 reinforcement of weld 加强焊接 
resist 抗蚀护膜 root running 背面熔接 
seam 焊缝 seaming 接合 
seam welding 流缝熔接 series seam welding 串联缝熔接 
skip welding process 跳焊法 spark 火花 
spot welding 点焊接 stitch welding 针角焊接 
stud arc welding 电弧焊接 under laying 下部焊层 
void 焊接空隙 weld flow mark 焊接流痕 
weld flush 焊缝凸起 weld line 焊接纹 
weld mark 焊接痕 weld penetration 熔接透入 
weld zone 焊接区 welding 焊接 
welding bead 焊接泡 welding direction 焊接方向 
welding distortion 焊接变形 welding flux 焊剂 
welding ground 电熔接地 welding interval 焊接周期 
welding stress 熔接应变 welding torch 熔接气炬

射出成形关联用语 
activator 活化剂 bag moulding 气胎施压成形 
bonding strength 黏合强度 breathing 排气 
caulking compound 填隙料 cell 气孔 
cold slug 半凝式射出 colorant 著色剂 
color matching 调色 color masterbatch 色母料 
compound 混合料 copolymer 共聚合体 
cull 残料废品 cure 凝固化 
cryptometer 不透明度仪 daylight 开隙 
dry cycle time 空料试车周期时间 ductility 延性 
elastomer 弹性体 extruded bead sealing 压出粒涂层法 
feed 供料 filler 充填剂 
film blowing 薄膜吹制法 floating platen 活动模板 
foaming agent 发泡剂 gloss 光泽 
granule 颗粒料 gunk 料斗 
hot mark 热斑 hot stamping 烫印 
injection nozzle 射出喷嘴 injection plunger 射出柱塞 
injection ram 射出冲柱 isomer 同分异构物 
kneader 混合机 leveling agent 匀涂剂 
lubricant 润滑剂 matched die method 配合成形法 
mould clamping force 锁模力 mould release agent 脱模剂 
nozzle 喷嘴 oriented film 取向薄膜 
parison 吹气成形坏料 pellet 粒料 
plasticizer 可塑剂 plunger 压料柱塞 
porosity 孔隙率 post cure 後固化 
premix 预混料 purging 清除 
reciprocating screw 往复螺杆 resilience 回弹性 
resin injection 树脂射出法 rheology 流变学 
sheet 塑胶片 shot 注射 
shot cycle 射出循环 slip agent 光滑剂 
take out device 取料装置 tie bar 拉杆 
toggle type mould clamping system 肘杆式锁模装置 
torpedo spreader 鱼雷形分流板 transparency 透明性 
void content 空洞率

塑胶原料 
acrylic 压克力 casein 酪素 
cellulose acetate 醋酸纤维素CA cellulose acetate butyrate 醋酸丁酸纤维素CAB 
composite material 复合材料 cresol resin 甲酚树脂CF 
dially phthalate 苯二甲酸二烯丙酯 disperse reinforcement 分散性强化复合材料 
engineering plastics 工程塑胶 epoxy resin 环氧树脂EP 
ethyl cellulose 乙基纤维素 ethylene vinylacetate copolymer 乙烯-醋酸乙烯EVA 
ethylene-vinlacetate copolyme 醋酸乙烯共聚物EVA expanded polystyrene 
?泡聚苯乙烯EPS 
fiber reinforcement 纤维强化热固性/纤维强化复合材料 
high density polyethylene 高密度聚乙烯HDPE 
high impact polystyrene 高冲击聚苯乙烯HIPS 
high impact polystyrene rigidity 高冲击性聚苯乙烯 
low density polyethylene 低密度聚乙烯LDPE melamine resin 三聚氰胺酚醛树脂MF 
nitrocellulose 硝酸纤维素 phenolic resin 酚醛树脂 
plastic 塑胶 polyacrylic acid 聚丙烯酸PAP 
polyamide 耐龙PA polybutyleneterephthalate 聚对苯二甲酸丁酯PBT 
polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯PC polyethyleneglycol 聚乙二醇PFG 
polyethyleneoxide 聚氧化乙烯PEO polyethyleneterephthalate 聚乙醇对苯PETP 
polymetylmethacrylate 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯PMMA polyoxymethylene 聚缩醛POM 
polyphenylene oxide 聚硫化亚苯 polyphenyleneoxide 聚苯醚PPO 
polypropylene 聚丙烯PP polystyrene 聚苯乙烯PS 
polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯 
polythene 聚乙烯PE polyurethane 聚氨基甲酸酯PU 
polyvinylacetate 聚醋酸乙烯PVAC polyvinylalcohol 聚乙烯醇PVA 
polyvinylbutyral 聚乙烯醇缩丁醛PVB polyvinylchloride 聚氯乙烯PVC 
polyvinylfuoride 聚氟乙烯PVF polyvinylidenechloride 聚偏二氯乙烯PVDC 
prepolymer 预聚物 silicone resin 矽树脂 
thermoplastic 热塑性 thermosetting 热固性 
thermosetting plastic 塑胶 unsaturated polyester 不饱和聚酯树脂

成形不良用语 
aberration 色差 atomization ?化 
bank mark ?料纹 bite 咬入 
blacking hole 涂料孔(铸疵) blacking scab 涂料疤 
blister 起泡 blooming 起霜 
blow hole 破孔 blushing 泛白 
body wrinkle 侧壁皱纹 breaking-in 冒口带肉 
bubble 膜泡 burn mark 糊斑 
burr 毛边 camber 翘曲 
cell 气泡 center buckle 表面中部波皱 
check 细裂痕 checking 龟裂 
chipping 修整表面缺陷 clamp-off 铸件凹痕 
collapse 塌陷 color mottle 色斑 
corrosion 腐蚀 crack 裂痕 
crazing 碎裂 crazing 龟裂 
deformation 变形 edge 切边碎片 
edge crack 裂边 fading 退色 
filler speak 填充料斑 fissure 裂纹 
flange wrinkle 凸缘起皱 flaw 刮伤 
flow mark 流痕 galling 毛边 
glazing 光滑 gloss 光泽 
grease pits 污斑 grinding defect 磨痕 
haircrack 发裂 haze 雾度 
incrustation 水锈 indentation 压痕 
internal porosity 内部气孔 mismatch 偏模 
mottle 斑点 necking 缩颈 
nick 割痕 orange peel 橘皮状表面缺陷 
overflow 溢流 peeling 剥离 
pit 坑 pitting corrosion 点状腐蚀 
plate mark 模板印痕 pock 麻点 
pock mark 痘斑 resin streak 树脂流纹 
resin wear 树脂脱落 riding 凹陷 
sagging 松垂 saponification 皂化 
scar 疤痕 scrap 废料 
scrap jam 废料阻塞 scratch 刮伤/划痕 
scuffing 深冲表面划伤 seam 裂痕 
shock line 模口挤痕 short shot 充填不足 
shrinkage pool 凹孔 sink mark 凹痕 
skin inclusion 表皮摺叠 straightening 矫直 
streak 条状痕 surface check 表面裂痕 
surface roughening 橘皮状表皮皱摺 surging 波动 
sweat out 冒汗 torsion 扭曲 
warpage 翘曲 waviness 波痕 
webbing 熔塌 weld mark 焊痕 
whitening 白化 wrinkle 皱纹

模具常用刀具与工作法用语 
adjustable spanner 活动扳手 angle cutter 角铣刀 
anvil 铁? arbour 心轴 
backing 衬垫 belt sander 带式打磨机 
buffing 抛光 chamfering machine 倒角机 
chamfering tool 去角刀具 chisel 扁錾 
chuck 夹具 compass 两角规 
concave cutter 凹面铣刀 convex cutter 凸形铣刀 
cross joint 十字接头 cutting edge clearance 刃口余隙角 
drill stand 钻台 edge file 刃用锉刀 
file 锉刀 flange joint 凸缘接头 
grinder 砂轮机 hammer 铁锤 
hand brace 手摇钻 hatching 剖面线 
hexagon headed bolt 六角头螺栓 hexagon nut 六角螺帽 
index head 分度头 jack 千斤顶 
jig 治具 kit 工具箱 
lapping 研磨 metal saw 金工锯 
nose angle 刀角 pinchers 钳子 
pliers 铗钳 plug 柱塞头 
polisher 磨光器 protable driller 手提钻孔机 
punch 冲头 sand paper 砂纸 
scraper 刮刀 screw driver 螺丝起子 
scribing 划线 second out file 中纹锉 
spanner 扳手 spline broach 方栓槽拉刀 
square 直角尺 square sleeker 方形镘刀 
square trowel 直角度 stripping 剥离工具 
T-slot T形槽 tool for lathe 车刀 
tool point angle 刀刃角 tool post 刀架 
tosecan 划线盘 trimming 去毛边 
waffle die flattening 压纹效平 wiper 脱模钳 
wrench 螺旋扳手

电脑关联用语 
3D modeling 三次元模拟 access 通路 
animation 卡通影片 application 应用 
board 基板 bug 故障 
bus 汇流排 CAD 电脑辅助设计 
CAE 电脑辅助工程分析 CAM 电脑辅助制造 
cassette 卡座 color display 彩色显示器 
command 指令 communication 通信 
compact 精简小型 computer 电脑 
copy 复制 cursor 游标 
curve modeling 曲面模拟 database 资料库 
design 设计 digitizing 数位化 
disk 磁碟 dot 点 
eyelet 眼孔 floppy 磁碟片 
format 格式化 graphic 圆解 
hardware 硬体 honeycomb 蜂巢 
interface 界面 know how 秘诀 
laser printer 雷射印表机 lay out 布置 
memory 记忆 memory swap 交换记忆 
microprocessor 微处理器 modeling 造型 
module 模组 monitor 萤幕 
mouse 滑鼠 need 需求 
network 网路 new version 新版 
on line 上线中 option 选择 
PC 个人电脑 plotter 绘图机 
program 程式 scanning 扫描 
simulation 模拟 software 软体 
solid model 实体模型 system 系统 
tape 磁带 terminal 终端机 
texture 构造 trim 修边 
venter 排气风扇 word processor 文书处理器

各种冲模加工关连用语 
barreling 滚光加工 belling 压凸加工 
bending 弯曲加工 blanking 下料加工 
bulging 撑压加工 burring 冲缘加工 
cam die bending 凸轮弯曲加工 caulking ?合加工 
coining 压印加工 compressing 压缩加工 
compression bending 押弯曲加工 crowning 凸面加工 
curl bending 卷边弯曲加工 curling 卷曲加工 
cutting 切削加工 dinking 切断蕊骨 
double shearing 叠板裁断 drawing 引伸加工 
drawing with ironing 抽引光滑加工 embossing 浮花压制加工 
extrusion 挤制加工 filing 锉削加工 
fine blanking 精密下料加工 finish blanking 光制下料加工 
finishing 精整加工 flanging 凸缘加工 
folding 折边弯曲加工 folding 摺叠加工 
forming 成形加工 impact extrusion 冲击挤压加工 
indenting 压痕加工 ironing 引缩加工 
knurling 滚花 lock seaming 固定接合 
louvering 百叶窗板加工 marking 刻印加工 
necking 颈缩加工 notching 冲口加工 
parting 分断加工 piercing 冲孔加工 
progressive bending 连续弯曲加工 progressive blanking 连续下料加工 
progressive drawing 连续引伸加工 progressive forming 连续成形加工 
reaming 铰孔加工 restriking 二次精冲加工 
riveting ?接加工 roll bending 滚筒弯曲加工 
roll finishing 滚压加工 rolling 压延加工 
roughing 粗加工 scrapless machining 无废料加工 
seaming 折弯重叠加工 shaving 缺口修整加工 
shearing 切断加工 sizing 精压加工/矫正加工 
slitting 割缝加工 spinning 卷边?接 
staking ?固 stamping 锻压加工 
swaging 挤锻压加工 trimming 整缘加工 
upsetting 锻粗加工 wiring 抽线加工

冲压机械及周边关连用语 
back shaft 支撑轴 blank determination 胚料展开 
bottom slide press 下传动式压力机 board drop hammer 板落锤 
brake 煞车 buckle 剥砂面 
camlachie cramp 铸包 casting on flat ?合 
chamotte sand 烧磨砂 charging hopper 加料漏斗 
clearance 间隙 closed-die forging 合模锻造 
clump 夹紧 clutch 离合器 
clutch brake 离合器制动器 clutch boss 离合器轮壳 
clutch lining 离合器覆盖 coil car 带卷升降运输机 
coil cradle 卷材进料装置 coil reel stand 钢材卷料架 
column 圆柱 connection screw 连杆调节螺钉 
core compound 砂心黏结剂 counter blow hammer 对击锻锤 
cradle 送料架 crank 曲柄轴 
crankless 无曲柄式 cross crank 横向曲轴 
cushion 缓冲 depression 外缩凹孔 
dial feed 分度送料 die approach 模口角度 
die assembly 合模 die cushion 模具缓冲垫 
die height 冲压闭合高度 die life 模具寿命 
die opening 母模逃孔 die spotting press 调整冲模用压力机 
double crank press 双曲柄轴冲床 draght angle 逃料倾斜角 
edging 边锻伸 embedded core 加装砂心 
feed length 送料长度 feed level 送料高度 
filling core 埋入砂心 filling in 填砂 
film play 液面花纹 fine blanking press 精密下料冲床 
forging roll 辊锻机 finishing slag 炼後熔渣 
fly wheel 飞轮 fly wheel brake 飞轮制动器 
foot press 脚踏冲床 formboard 进模口板 
frame 床身机架 friction 摩擦 
friction brake 摩擦煞车 gap shear 凹口剪床 
gear 齿轮 gib 滑块引导部 
gripper 夹具 gripper feed 夹持进料 
gripper feeder 夹紧传送装置 hammer 槌机 
hand press 手动冲床 hand rack pinion press 手动齿轮齿条式冲床 
hand screw press 手动螺旋式冲床 hopper feed 料斗送料 
idle stage 空站 inching 微调尺寸 
isothermal forging 恒温锻造 key clutch 键槽离合器 
knockout 脱模装置 knuckle mechanic 转向机构 
land 模具直线刀面部 level 水平 
loader 供料器 unloader 卸料机 
loop controller 闭回路控制器 lower die 下模 
micro inching device 微寸动装置 microinching equipment 微动装置 
motor 马达 moving bolster 活动工作台 
notching press 冲缺口压力机 opening 排料逃孔 
overload protection device 防超载装置 pinch roll 导正滚轮 
pinion 小齿轮 pitch 节距 
pressfit 压入 progressive 连续送料 
pusher feed 推杆式送料 pusher feeder 料片押片装置 
quick die change system 快速换模系统 regrinding 再次研磨 
releasing 松释动作 reversed blanking 反转下料 
robot 机器人 roll forming machine 辊轧成形 
roll forming machine 辊轧成形机 roll release 脱辊 
roller feed 辊式送料 roller leveler 辊式矫直机 
rotary bender 卷弯成形机 safety guard 安全保护装置 
scrap cutter 废料切刀 scrap press 废料冲床 
seamless forging 无缝锻造 separate 分离 
shave 崩砂 shear angle 剪角 
sheet loader 薄板装料机 shot 单行程工作 
shrinkage fit 收缩配合 shut height 闭合高度 
sieve mesh 筛孔 sintering of sand 铸砂烧贴 
slide balancer 滑动平衡器 slug hole 逃料孔 
spin forming machine 旋压成形机 spotting 合模 
stack feeder 堆叠拨送料机 stickness 黏模性 
straight side frame 冲床侧板 stretcher leveler 拉伸矫直机 
strip feeder 料材送料装置 stripping pressure 弹出压力 
stroke 冲程 take out device 取料装置 
toggle press 肘杆式压力机 transfer 传送 
transfer feed 连续自动送料装置 turrent punch press 转塔冲床 
two speed clutch 双速离合器 uncoiler 闭卷送料机 
unloader 卸载机 vibration feeder 振动送料机 
wiring press 嵌线卷边机

线切割放电加工关连用语 
abnormal glow 不规则辉光放电 arc discharge 电弧放电 
belt 皮带 centreless 无心 
chrome bronze 铭铜 clearance angle 後角 
corner shear drop 直角压陷 deflection 桡曲度 
discharge energy 放电能量 dressing 修整 
dwell 保压 flange 凸缘 
gap 间隙 graphite 石墨 
graphite contraction allowance 电极缩小余量 graphite holder 电极夹座 
hair crack 发裂 horn 电极臂 
jump 跳刀 magnetic base 磁性座 
master graphite 标准电极 pipe graphite 管状电极 
pulse 脉冲 rib working 肋部加工 
roller electrode 滚轮式电极 rotary surface 旋转面 
shank 柄部 sharp edge 锐角部 
tough bronze 韧铜 traverse 摇臂 
tungsten bronze ?青铜 waviness 波形起伏 
work 工件 working allowance 加工余量 
working dischard 加工废料

锻铸造关连用语 
accretion 炉瘤 acid converter 酸性转炉 
acid lining cupola 酸性熔铁炉 acid open-hearth furnace 酸性平炉 
aerator 松砂机 air set mold 常温自硬铸模 
airless blasting cleaning 离心喷光 all core molding 集合式铸模 
all round die holder 通用模座 assembly mark 铸造合模记号 
back pouring 补浇注 backing sand 背砂 
base bullion 粗金属锭 base permeability 原砂透气度 
belling 压凸 billet 坏料 
bleed 漏铸 blocker 预锻模膛 
blocking 粗胚锻件 blow hole 铸件气孔 
board drop hammer 板落锤 bottom pour mold 底浇 
bottom pouring 底注 boxless mold 脱箱砂模 
break-off core 缩颈砂心 brick molding 砌箱造模法 
buckle 剥砂面 camber 错箱 
camlachie cramp 铸包 cast blade 铸造叶片 
casting flange 铸造凸缘 casting on flat 水平铸造 
chamotte sand 烧磨砂 charging hopper 加料漏斗 
cleaning of casting 铸件清理 closed-die forging 合模锻造 
core compound 砂心黏结剂 core template 砂心模板 
core vent 砂蕊排气孔 corner gate 压边浇口 
counter blow hammer 对击锻造 counter lock 止口镶嵌方式 
depression 外缩凹孔 die approach 模口角度 
draw out 锻造拔长 draw plate 起模板 
draw spike 起模长针 dummying 预锻 
embedded core 加装砂心 erosion 冲砂 
fettling 铸件清理 filling core 埋入砂心 
filling in 填砂 film play 液面花纹 
finishing slag 炼後熔渣 flash gutter 锻模飞边槽 
flask molding 砂箱造模 forging roll 辊锻机 
formboard 进模口板 gutter 锻模飞边槽 
hammer man 锻工 heading machine 顶镦机 
impacter 卧式锻造机 inblock cast 整体铸造 
ingot 铸锭 ingot blank 铸坯 
inlay casting 镶铸法 investment casting 失模铸造 
isothermal forging 恒温锻造 loose piece 木模活块 
molding pit 铸模地坑 pouring process 浇注法 
recasting 重铸 roll forging 轧锻 
rolled surface 轧制表面 rough sand 粗砂 
roughing forge 粗锻 sand crushing 塌箱 
seamless forging 无缝锻造 separate 分离 
shave 崩砂 shrinkage fit 收缩配合 
shut height 闭合高度 sieve mesh 筛孔 
sintering of sand 铸砂烧贴 slag 熔渣 
slag inclusion 夹渣 stickness 黏模性 
strip layout 带状胚料排样法 tap casting 顶注 
top gate 顶注浇口 unworked casting 不加工铸件 
upender 翻转装置 upending 顶锻 
uphill casting 底铸 white cast iron 白口铸件

模具加工方法 
barrel 滚筒(加工) bending 波纹加工 
broaching 拉刀切削 centering 定中心 
cutting 切削 cylindrical lathe cutting 外圆车削 
electric discharge machine 放电加工 electrolytic grinding 电解研磨 
embossing 压花加工 facing 面车削 
filing 锉刀修润 hand finishing 手工修润 
hemming 卷边加工 hobbing 滚齿加工 
joggling 摇动加工 lapping 抛光/研磨修润 
laser beam machining 雷射加工 lathe cutting 车床车削 
planning 刨削加工 polishing 抛亮光 
reaming 铰孔修润 rough machining 粗切削 
rounding 圆形加工 sawing 锯削 
scaling 清除钢碇缺陷 shaping 成形加工 
skiving 表面研磨 slotting 切缝切削 
taper turning 锥度车削 thread cutting 螺纹切削 
ultrasonic machining 超音波加工 up cut milling 逆铣加工

学理实验与试验用语 
air permeability test 透气性试验 austenitic steel 沃斯田铁钢 
brinell hardness 布耐内尔硬度 brinell hardness test 布氏硬度试验 
charpy impact test 夏比冲击试验 conical cup test 圆锥杯突试验 
cup flow test 杯模式流动度试验 dart drop impact test 落锤冲击试验 
Elmendorf test 埃罗门多撕裂强度试验 environmental stress cracking test 
环境应力龟裂试验 
ericessen test 埃留伸薄板拉伸试验 falling ball impact test 落球冲击试验 
fatigue test 疲劳试验 ferrite 纯铁体 
gantt chart 甘特图 heat cycle test 热循环试验 
histogram 柱状图 hot bend test 热弯试验 
izod impact test 埃左德冲击试验 loop tenacity 环结强度 
martens heat distortion temperature test 马顿斯耐热试验 
martensite 马氏体 mullen bursting strength tester 密廉式破裂强度试验机 
nol ring test 诺尔环试验 normal distribution 常态分配 
ozone resistance test 抗臭氧试验 pareto diagram 柏拉图 
peeling test 剥离试验 pinhole test 针孔试验机 
rattler test 磨耗试验 rockweel hardness test 洛氏硬度试验 
rockweel hardness 洛氏威尔硬度 rolinx process 罗林克斯射出压缩成形法 
rossi-peakes flow test 罗西皮克斯流动试验 sampling inspection 抽样检查 
scratch hardness 抗刮硬度 shore hardness 萧氏硬度 
spiral flow test 螺旋流动试验 surface abrasion test 表面磨耗试验 
taber abraser 泰伯磨耗试验机 tensile impact test 拉伸冲击试验 
tensile strength 抗拉强度 tension test 张力试验 
thermal shock test 冷热剧变试验 torsion test 扭曲试验 
ubbelohde viscometer 乌别洛德黏度计 vicat indentation test 维卡针压陷试验 
Vickers hardness test 维氏硬度试验 warpage test 翘曲试验 
weatherometer 人工老化试验机 weissenberg effect 威森伯格回转效应

砂轮用语 
abrasive 砂轮 Al2O3 氧化铝 
balance 平衡 bond 结合 
borazon 氧化硼立方晶 buffing wheel 抛光布轮 
diamond 钻石 dresser 砂轮整修机 
dressing 修整 endless grinding belt 循环式研磨带 
finishing allowance 加工余量 grain 磨粒 
grinding disc 研磨盘 jamp up 孔眼堵塞 
mesh 网筛目 parameter 参数 
resinoid grinding wheel 半树脂型砂轮 slitting 切缝量 
vitrified 陶瓷的 wheel 旋转

机械设计及周边其他用语 
assembly drawing 装配图 auto tool change cycle 自动换刀时间周期 
beam 横梁 bending moment 弯矩 
bending stress 弯曲应力 bottoming 底靠 
buckling 纵弯曲 chamfering 去角斜切 
channel 凹槽 chattering 颤动 
check point 查核点 chip 切屑 
chip conveyor 排屑输送机 coefficient of friction 摩擦系数 
compact 小型的 cooling pipe 冷却管 
coupon 试样胚 deflection 挠曲量 
distortion 扭曲变形 draft taper 拔模锥度 
draw out 拉拔 fit tolerance 配合公差 
flexible rigidity 弯曲刚性 gas vent 气孔 
hatching 剖面线 heater cooler 加热器冷却装置 
hook cavity 钩穴 inching 寸动 
lug 凸缘 maintenance 维修保固 
metallurgy 冶金学 notch effect 切口效果 
out of roughness 真圆度 performance 动作性能 
pit 坑 plane strain 倒角应力 
plug mill 蕊棒轧管机 
repeated load 重覆载荷 
riveted joint ?钉接合 
sand paper 砂纸 
shift 偏移 
shrink fit 热压配合 
shrinkage hole 缩孔 
sinking 凹陷 
sketch 草图 
spalling 剥落 
straightness 直度 
submarine 深陷式 
surface roughness 表面粗度 
tapping 攻螺丝 
thermocouple 热电耦 
torsion load 扭转载荷 
toughness 韧性 
tracing 描图 
under cut 凹割

3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床 
3D modeling 三次元模拟 
aberration 色差 
abnormal glow 不规则辉光放电 
abrasive 砂轮 
access 通路 
account 帐户 
accretion 炉瘤 
accurate die casting 精密压铸 
acid converter 酸性转炉 
acid lining cupola 酸性熔铁炉 
acid open-hearth furnance 酸性平炉 
activator 活化剂 
acetylene 乙炔 
adjustable spanner 活动扳手 
aerator 松砂机 
after service 售後服务 
age hardening 时效硬化 
ageing 老化处理 
air hardening 气体硬化 
airless plasting cleaning 离心喷光 
air patenting 空气韧化 
air permeability test 透气性试验 
air set mold 常温自硬铸模 
air vent valve 通气阀 
all core molding 集合式铸模 
alloy tool steel 合金工具钢 
allround die holder 通用模型 
aluminium alloy 铝合金钢 
amendment 修正 
ampere 电流安培 
anchor pin 锚梢 
angle cutter 角铣刀 
angle welding 角焊 
angular pin 角梢 
angular pin 倾斜梢 
animation 卡通影片 
anode effect 阳极效应 
annealing 退火

acetylene 乙炔 ampere 电流安培 
angle welding 角焊 arc 电弧 
argon arc welding 氩弧焊接 bare electrode 光熔接条 
butt welding 对接焊接 camber 电弧弯曲 
cascade 阶叠熔接法 clad weld 被覆熔接 
crator 焊疤 excess metal 多余金属 
filler rod 焊条 fillet weld 填角焊接 
gas shield 气体遮蔽 groove welding 起槽熔接 
hand face shield 手握面罩 hard facing 硬表面堆焊 
jig welding 工模焊接 laser beam welding 雷射光焊接 
metal electrode insert gas welding MIG熔接 nugget 点焊熔核 
overlaying 堆焊 peening of welding 珠击熔接法 
plug welding 塞孔熔接 positioned welding 正向熔接 
pressure welding 压焊 propane gas cutting 丙烷气切割 
pure nickel electrode 纯镍熔接条 reinforcement of weld 加强焊接 
resist 抗蚀护膜 root running 背面熔接 
seam 焊缝 seaming 接合 
seam welding 流缝熔接 series seam welding 串联缝熔接 
skip welding process 跳焊法 spark 火花 
spot welding 点焊接 stitch welding 针角焊接 
stud arc welding 电弧焊接 under laying 下部焊层 
void 焊接空隙 weld flow mark 焊接流痕 
weld flush 焊缝凸起 weld line 焊接纹 
weld mark 焊接痕 weld penetration 熔接透入 
weld zone 焊接区 welding 焊接 
welding bead 焊接泡 welding direction 焊接方向 
welding distortion 焊接变形 welding flux 焊剂 
welding ground 电熔接地 welding interval 焊接周期 
welding stress 熔接应变 welding


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